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Gear unit [1]
Gearbox 3D image
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Figure 1
Power flow data gear unit
Torque Rotational speed Power Type Torsion
Sym. Tsc n P φtors
Unit Nm 1/min W - °
Shaft [4] Load [20] 1000.00 -1400.00 146607.66 Input -2.69
Shaft [38] Load [48] 12712.72 -106.65 141976.47 Output 0.00
Table 1
Local methods and excitation in cylindrical gear stages
Maximum Hertzian pressure
Maximum line load
Maximum sliding velocity
Maximum flash temperature
Maximum tooth root stress - compression
Minimum safety against micro pitting
Minimum specific lubricant film thickness
Maximum transmission deviation
Maximum force excitation
Excitation level
Sym. pmax Wmax vg,max θfl,max σFcomp,max Sλ,min
Unit N/mm² N/mm m/s °C N/mm² -- -- µm N dB
Cylindrical stage [27] Cylindrical gear [30] 859.58 386.32 2.61 114.06 - 4.53 0.82 2.1 2556.75 27.21
Cylindrical gear [31] -
Cylindrical stage [37] Cylindrical gear [40] 1258.08 549.00 0.59 120.14 - 1.18 0.21 13.7 32417.91 42.71
Cylindrical gear [41] -
Table 2
Safety Factors acc. to ISO 6336 (2006)
Version ISO 6336 Application factor Face load factor flank Flank safety factor Root safety factor
Sym. KA KHβ SH SF
Unit - - - - -
Cylindrical stage [27] Cylindrical gear [30] ISO 6336 (2006) 1.25 1.20 1.687 5.770
Cylindrical gear [31] 1.738 5.634
Cylindrical stage [37] Cylindrical gear [40] ISO 6336 (2006) 1.25 1.20 1.029 1.604
Cylindrical gear [41] 1.136 1.575
Table 3
Efficiency & Power loss
Start Animation
Figure 2
Power loss and efficiency
Sym. Gear unit [1] Unit
Efficiency η 96.84 %
Total power loss PV 4631.1 W
Total load-dependent gear losses PVZP 2414.4 W
Total load-independent gear losses PVZ0 98.8 W
Rolling bearing power loss, load-dependent PVLP 2069.229 W
Total power loss sealings PVD 48.7 W
Total losses planet carrier PVST - W
Table 4
Bearing Lifetimes
Position of bearing inner side
Catalogue name
Manufacturer
Bearing type
Rotational speed
Dynamic radial load rating
Equivalent dynamic bearing load (ISO 281 2007)
Maximum pressure on inner ring
Viscosity ratio
Static safety (ISO 76 2019)
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007)
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018)
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018)
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018)
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008)
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF)
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF)
Sym. n CR Peq pmax,i κ Sstat L10h L10h Lnmh Lnmh Lnmrh,EP L10rh Lnmrh
Unit mm - - - U/min N N N/mm² - - h h h h h h h
Shaft [4] Rolling bearing [21] 160.00 32014 X SKF Tapered roller bearing 1400.0 125000 26249 - 3.53 5.83 2163 2163 9787 - - - -
Rolling bearing [22] 64.00 32013 X SKF Tapered roller bearing 1400.0 103000 21259 - 3.38 9.47 2291 2291 10293 - - - -
Shaft [6] Rolling bearing [25] 80.00 32224 SKF Tapered roller bearing 848.5 573000 17987 - 3.47 50.48 2012963 1978661 98933057 - - - -
Rolling bearing [26] 280.00 32224 SKF Tapered roller bearing 848.5 573000 16115 - 3.47 43.13 2903449 2903449 145172451 - - - -
Shaft [28] Rolling bearing [35] 46.00 32018 X SKF Tapered roller bearing 435.1 208000 15320 - 1.65 23.95 228680 224548 7537768 - - - -
Rolling bearing [36] 502.00 33118 SKF Tapered roller bearing 435.1 310000 52392 - 1.69 7.44 14351 14351 58392 - - - -
Shaft [38] Rolling bearing [46] 40.00 NU 1026 M SKF Cylindrical roller bearing 106.6 165000 33068 - 0.62 6.77 33177 33177 20815 - - - -
Rolling bearing [47] 291.00 NUP 2222 ECP SKF Cylindrical roller bearing 106.6 440000 33764 - 0.60 15.40 813877 813877 1744257 - - - -
Table 5
Shaft Safety Factors acc. to DIN 743 (2012)
Notch form Bore radius (cross-bore) Shaft safety against fatigue fracture Shaft safety against plastic deformation Safety against cracking, shaft
Sym. rL SD SF SA
Unit - mm - - -
Shaft [4] Notch [68] Shaft shoulder - 126.90 14.76 26.30
Notch [69] Shaft shoulder - 8.71 15.10 14.73
Shaft [6] Notch [64] Shaft shoulder - 14.77 42.12 39.21
Notch [65] Shaft shoulder - 30.83 106.71 81.50
Shaft [28] Feather key connection [57] Feather key connection - 21.17 65.75 55.30
Notch [67] Involute spline shaft - 5.74 9.29 13.03
Notch [70] Shaft shoulder - 42.13 627.80 203.34
Notch [71] Shaft shoulder - 3.51 9.11 9.26
Shaft [38] Notch [73] Shaft shoulder - 23.04 100.19 63.67
Notch [74] Shaft shoulder - 11.73 51.01 32.42
Notch [75] Shaft shoulder - 17.26 6.21 9.26
Notch [76] Shaft shoulder - 36.07 4.85 8.44
Cylindrical interference fit [845] Transverse interference fit - 13.56 62.80 37.98
Table 6
Viscosity temperature diagram
Start Animation
Figure 3
Density temperature diagram
Start Animation
Figure 4
Casing [2]
FE mesh characteristics
Sym. Casing [2] Unit
FE mesh element quality assessment -
Element size Standard -
Mesh type Uniform -
Element order Linear -
Number of elements 0 -
Number of nodes 0 -
Allow surface corrections ✖ -
Defeaturing (relative to total size) 0 %
Table 7
Cylindrical stage [27]
Cylindrical stage 3D image
Start Animation
Figure 5
DIN 3960 - Main geometry
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Normal pressure angle αn 20.00000 °
Helix angle at reference diameter β 21.70000 -21.70000 °
Number of teeth z 20 39 -
Center distance a 254.000 mm
Normal module mn 8.00000 8.00000 mm
Transverse module mt 8.61018 8.61018 mm
Addendum modification coeff. x 0.000000 0.000000 -
Face width b 63.000 60.000 mm
Tip diameter da 188.204 351.797 mm
Transverse contact ratio εα 1.479 -
Overlap contact ratio εβ 0.883 -
Total contact ratio εγ 2.362 -
Table 8
Tooth contact
Start Animation
Figure 6
Tooth engagement analysis (Root driving / Tip driven gear)
Start Animation
Figure 7
Tooth engagement analysis (Root driven / Tip driving gear)
Start Animation
Figure 8
DIN 3960 - Diameters
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Pitch diameter dw 172.204 335.797 mm
Reference diameter d 172.204 335.797 mm
Base diameter db 160.340 312.663 mm
Form diameter of addendum dFa 188.204 351.797 mm
Tooth tip chamfer (radial amount) hK 0.000 0.000 mm
Effective tip diameter dNa 188.204 351.797 mm
Effective root diameter dNf 162.132 324.473 mm
Form diameter of dedendum dFf 160.979 321.231 mm
Form allowance cn 0.576 1.621 mm
Root undercut qFs - - mm
Measuring diameter root undercut dFs - - mm
Root diameter df 151.888 315.371 mm
Table 9
DIN 3960 - Tool data preliminary tool
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Tool 1 Tool [233] Tool [234] -
Normal module (preliminary tool) mn0 - - mm
Normal pressure angle (preliminary tool) αn0 - - °
Radial amount of tip round (cutter pinion) hrho - - mm
Utilized dedendum diameter (preliminary tool) dFf0 - - mm
Generating addendum modification coefficient (preliminary) xE - - -
Table 10
Forces and moments in the system
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Resulting axial force in u-direction Fax,u -7504.82 7504.82 N
Resulting radial force in v-direction Frad,v 18858.77 -18858.77 N
Resulting radial force in w-direction Frad,w 7387.57 -7387.57 N
Resulting moment around v axis Mv 646.18 1260.05 Nm
Resulting moment around w axis Mw 0.00 -0.00 Nm
Table 11
Deviation and tilting in the system
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Displacement in u-direction Δu 33.7 -36.6 µm
Displacement in v-direction Δv 29.4 13.9 µm
Displacement in w-direction Δw 20.9 -21.8 µm
Tilting around the v-axis Δφv -0.000111 0.000243 rad
Tilting around the w-axis Δφw 0.000170 0.000384 rad
Table 12
DIN 3960 - Tool data finishing tool
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Tool 2 - - -
Normal module (finishing tool) mn0 8.000 8.000 mm
Normal pressure angle (finishing tool) αn0 20.00 20.00 °
Radial value of tip radius of pinion-type cutter hρ - - mm
Utilized dedendum diameter (finishing tool) dFf0 - - mm
Generating addendum modification coefficient (finished) xE -0.019747 -0.026616 -
Table 13
ISO 6336 Load capacity
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Version ISO 6336 ISO 6336 (2006) -
Nominal power P -144.28 144.28 kW
Torque T 1623.77 3166.36 Nm
Nominal speed n -848.48 435.12 1/min
Service life LH 100000.0 100000.0 h
Load factors -
Application factor KA 1.25 -
Dynamic factor Kv 1.04 -
Transverse load factor flank KHα 1.05 -
Face load factor flank KHβ 1.20 -
Pitting capacity -
Tooth contact factor pinion ZB 1.009 -
Tooth contact factor wheel ZD 1.000 -
Auxiliary factor for contact factors fZCa - -
Zone factor ZH 2.350 -
Elastic factor ZE 191.646 √N/mm²
Contact ratio factor Zε 0.834 -
Helix angle factor Zβ 1.037 -
Lubricant factor ZL 1.047 -
Roughness factor ZR 1.038 -
Velocity factor flank Zv 0.993 -
Work hardening factor ZW 1.000 -
Size factor ZX 1.00 1.00 -
Life factor (standard conditions) ZNT 0.868 0.886 -
Contact stress (nominal value) σH0 652.6 N/mm²
Hertzian contact stress (B...D) σH 832.8 825.1 N/mm²
Endurance limit flank σHlim 1500.0 1500.0 N/mm²
Allowable contact stress σHP 1404.9 1434.0 N/mm²
Flank safety factor SH 1.687 1.738 -
Safety factor (torque) SHMo 2.846 3.020 -
Bending capacity -
Form factor YF 1.559 1.392 -
Load distribution influence factor fε - -
Helix angle factor Yβ 0.840 -
Deep tooth factor YDT 1.000 -
Size factor YX 0.97 0.97 -
Relative surface condition factor YRrelT 0.960 0.960 -
Life factor (standard conditions) YNT 0.850 0.850 -
Root stress (nominal value) σF0 97.5 100.3 N/mm²
Tooth root stress σF 148.0 152.3 N/mm²
Endurance limit for tooth root σFlim 461.0 461.0 N/mm²
Allowable tooth root stress σFP 854.2 858.1 N/mm²
Root safety factor SF 5.770 5.634 -
Table 14
ISO 6336-22 - Table safety factor
Sym. Unit
Points on the contact path -
Local Hertzian contact stress pdyn N/mm²
Nom. Hertzian cont. stress pH N/mm²
Distance of point Y from point A g mm
Flash temperature θfla °C
Contact temperature θB °C
Press.-visco. coeff. at loc. cont. temp. αθB mm²/N
Dynamic viscosity at locol contact temperature ηθB Ns/m²
Density of lubr. at loc. cont. temp. ρθB kg/m³
Kin. visco. at loc. cont. temp. νθB mm²/s
Load sharing factor X --
Buttressing factor Xbut --
Local load parameter W --
Velocity parameters U --
Sliding parameter SGF --
Lubricant film thickness h µm
Loc. Spec. lubr. film thickness λGF --
Safety factor against micropitting Sλ --
Sum of tangential velocities vΣ m/s
Local sliding velocity vg m/s
Local tangential velocity (Cylindrical gear [30]) vr m/s
Local tangential velocity (Cylindrical gear [31]) vr m/s
Norm. rad. of rel. curvature ρn mm
Transv. rad. of rel. curvature ρt mm
Transv. radius of curvature (Cylindrical gear [30]) ρt mm
Transv. radius of curvature (Cylindrical gear [31]) ρt mm
Diameter at contact point min. required safety factor (Cylindrical gear [30]) d mm
Diameter at contact point min. required safety factor (Cylindrical gear [31]) d mm
ISO 6336-22 - Safety against micropitting
ISO/TS 6336-20/-21:2017 - Flash temperature method
ISO/TS 6336-20/-21:2017 - Integral temperature method
ISO 6336-6 - Tooth flank capacity (left flank)
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Safety factor (spectrum) pitting - left flank (ISO 6336) SH,Miner,l - - -
Static safety factor pitting left flank (ISO 6336) SH,Miner,stat,l - - -
Long life safety factor pitting left flank (ISO 6336) SH,Miner,long,l - - -
Miner sum safety factor pitting left flank (ISO 6336) UH,l,sc - - -
Miner sum for scaled number of load cycles pitting left flank (ISO 6336) UH,scaled,l - - -
Scaled total number of load cycles pitting left flank (ISO 6336) NH,scaled,l - - -
Scaling factor for the number of load cycles pitting left flank (ISO 6336) SH,scaled,l - - -
Critical bin index safety factor pitting left flank (ISO 6336) iH,l - - -
Critical bin index scaled load cycles pitting left flank (ISO 6336) iH,scaled,l - - -
ISO 6336-6 - Tooth flank capacity (right flank)
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Safety factor (spectrum) pitting - right flank (ISO 6336) SH,Miner,r - - -
Static safety factor pitting right flank (ISO 6336) SH,Miner,stat,r - - -
Long life safety factor pitting right flank (ISO 6336) SH,Miner,long,r - - -
Miner sum safety factor pitting right flank (ISO 6336) UH,r,sc - - -
Miner sum for scaled number of load cycles pitting right flank (ISO 6336) UH,scaled,r - - -
Scaled total number of load cycles against pitting - right flank (ISO 6336) NH,scaled,r - - -
Scaling factor for the number of load cycles pitting right flank (ISO 6336) SH,scaled,r - - -
Critical bin index safety factor pitting right flank (ISO 6336) iH,r - - -
Critical bin index scaled load cycles pitting right flank (ISO 6336) iH,scaled,r - - -
ISO 6336-6 - Tooth root capacity (left flank)
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Safety factor (spectrum) bending - left flank (ISO 6336) SF,Miner,l - - -
Static safety factor bending left flank (ISO 6336) SF,Miner,stat,l - - -
Long life safety factor bending left flank (ISO 6336) SF,Miner,long,l - - -
Miner sum safety factor bending left flank (ISO 6336) UF,l,sc - - -
Miner sum for scaled number of load cycles bending left flank (ISO 6336) UF,scaled,l - - -
Scaled total number of load cycles bending left flank (ISO 6336) NF,scaled,l - - -
Scaling factor for the number of load cycles bending left flank (ISO 6336) SF,scaled,l - - -
Critical bin index scaled load cycles bending left flank (ISO 6336) iF,scaled,l - - -
Critical bin index safety factor bending left flank (ISO 6336) iF,l - - -
ISO 6336-6 - Tooth root capacity (right flank)
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Safety factor (spectrum) bending - right flank (ISO 6336) SF,Miner,r - - -
Static safety factor bending right flank (ISO 6336) SF,Miner,stat,r - - -
Long life safety factor bending right flank (ISO 6336) SF,Miner,long,r - - -
Miner sum safety factor bending right flank (ISO 6336) UF,r,sc - - -
Miner sum for scaled number of load cycles bending right flank (ISO 6336) UF,scaled,r - - -
Scaled total number of load cycles bending right flank (ISO 6336) NF,scaled,r - - -
Scaling factor for the number of load cycles bending right flank (ISO 6336) SF,scaled,r - - -
Critical bin index scaled load cycles bending right flank (ISO 6336) iF,scaled,r - - -
Critical bin index safety factor bending right flank (ISO 6336) iF,r - - -
AGMA 2101-C95/D04 - Load capacity
VDI 2736 (2014) - Tooth flank load-carrying capacity
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Poisson's ratio ν - - -
Modulus of elasticity E - - N/mm²
Elasticity factor ZE - √N/mm²
Zone factor ZH - -
Contact ratio factor - flank Zε - -
Helix angle factor Zβ - -
Circumferential force at the reference circle Ft - N
Factor for tooth flank stress KH - -
Common tooth width bw - mm
Flank pressure σH - N/mm²
Rolling contact fatigue strength σHlimN - - N/mm²
Roughness factor ZR - -
Minimum tooth flank safety SHmin - - -
Permissible flank pressure σHP - - N/mm²
Tooth flank safety SH - - -
Tooth flank safety relative to moment SHmo - - -
VDI 2736 (2014) - Tooth root load-carrying capacity
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Factor for tooth root stress KF - -
Form factor YFa - - -
Stress correction factor (strength) YSa - - -
Contact ratio factor - root Yε - -
Helix angle factor Yβ - -
Circumferential force at the reference circle Ft - N
Facewidth for tooth root stress bFuß - - mm
Tooth root stress σF - - N/mm²
Fatigue strength under pulsating stress σFlimN - - N/mm²
Stress correction factor YSt - - -
Tooth root strength limit σFG - - N/mm²
Minimum tooth root safety SFmin - - -
Permissible tooth root stress σFP - - N/mm²
Tooth root safety SF - - -
Load distribution
Start Animation
Figure 9
Deformation gear 1 / gear 2
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Figure 10
Form mesh topology
Start Animation
Figure 11
Modification proposal
Start Animation
Figure 12
Tooth deflection
Bending deflection (Cylindrical gear [30])
Bending deflection (Cylindrical gear [31])
Torsional deflection (Cylindrical gear [30])
Torsional deflection (Cylindrical gear [31])
Applied tooth modification
Tooth spring deflection
Total tooth deflection
Sym.
Unit µm µm µm µm µm µm µm
1 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.2 9.3 13.6 33.7
2 0.6 13.4 0.1 0.2 7.7 15.3 33.7
3 1.3 12.6 0.2 0.2 6.4 16.7 33.7
4 1.9 11.8 0.3 0.2 5.3 17.9 33.7
5 2.5 10.9 0.3 0.2 4.5 18.8 33.7
6 3.2 10.1 0.4 0.2 4.0 19.5 33.7
7 3.8 9.2 0.5 0.2 3.7 20.0 33.7
8 4.4 8.4 0.5 0.2 3.6 20.2 33.7
9 5.0 7.6 0.6 0.1 3.8 20.2 33.7
10 5.6 6.7 0.6 0.1 4.3 19.9 33.7
11 6.2 5.9 0.7 0.1 5.0 19.4 33.7
12 6.8 5.1 0.7 0.1 5.9 18.7 33.6
13 7.4 4.2 0.7 0.1 7.1 17.7 33.6
14 7.9 3.4 0.8 0.1 8.6 16.5 33.6
15 8.5 2.5 0.8 0.1 10.3 15.1 33.6
16 9.1 1.7 0.8 0.0 12.2 13.4 33.6
17 9.7 0.8 0.8 0.0 14.4 11.5 33.6
18 10.2 0.0 0.8 0.0 16.9 9.3 33.6
Table 15
Recommended tip relief acc. to SIGG (AGMA Paper 109.16, 1965)
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Amount of modification -
Amount of tip relief at start of mesh acc. to SIGG CSigg,A 21.7 µm
Amount of tip relief at end of mesh acc. to SIGG CSigg,E 16.6 µm
Begin of modification -
Start of the short tip relief in mm of the diameter 182.174 346.431 mm
Start of the long tip relief in mm of the diameter 176.764 341.407 mm
Start of the short root relief in mm of the diameter 164.355 327.906 mm
Start of the long root relief in mm of the diameter 167.421 331.742 mm
Table 16
Recommended tip relief acc. to SIGG (AGMA Paper 109.16, 1965)
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Cylindrical gear [30] Cylindrical gear [31]
Amount of modification -
Amount of tip relief at start of mesh acc. to SIGG CSigg,A 21.7 µm
Amount of tip relief at end of mesh acc. to SIGG CSigg,E 16.6 µm
Length of modification in mm path of contact -
Length of the short tip relief in mm of the path of engagement 6.035 mm
Length of the long tip relief in mm of the path of contact 12.070 mm
Length of the short root relief in mm of the path of contact 6.035 mm
Length of the long root relief in mm of the path of contact 12.070 mm
Length of modification in % path of contact -
Length of the short tip relief in % of the path of contact 16.2 %
Length of the long tip relief in % of the path of contact 32.4 %
Length of the short root relief in % of the path of contact 16.2 %
Length of the long root relief in % of the path of contact 32.4 %
Diameter for beginn of tip relief -
Start of the short tip relief in mm of the diameter 182.174 346.431 mm
Start of the long tip relief in mm of the diameter 176.764 341.407 mm
Start of the short root relief in mm of the diameter 164.355 327.906 mm
Start of the long root relief in mm of the diameter 167.421 331.742 mm
Lengt of modification in mm rolling path -
Table 17
Local results on 3D tooth flank
Start Animation
Figure 13
Load distribution
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Figure 14
Load distribution (contour plot)
Start Animation
Figure 15
Pressure distribution
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Figure 16
Pressure distribution (contour plot)
Start Animation
Figure 17
Pressungsverteilung
Pressure distribution
Gear width
0.00 12.00 18.00 24.00 30.00 36.00 42.00 48.00 54.00 60.00
Path of contact
 0.00 584.84 526.00 494.18 398.97 226.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4.14 728.94 774.41 770.61 756.12 721.24 656.89 546.21 344.49 86.43 0.00
6.21 720.77 800.45 817.77 820.38 804.56 765.32 689.23 566.81 268.65 0.00
8.28 684.91 806.61 838.06 850.85 845.73 819.75 771.00 672.94 466.17 125.78
10.35 624.81 795.63 835.57 855.54 857.65 840.82 800.61 711.14 540.55 280.95
12.42 556.72 764.42 811.54 836.42 843.09 831.33 788.65 704.21 553.62 287.04
14.49 502.50 736.08 788.46 817.89 827.53 811.93 768.90 689.99 533.70 276.33
16.56 477.21 721.93 778.31 808.34 813.15 795.46 754.87 667.93 516.99 267.00
18.63 466.89 716.69 773.39 798.23 800.02 783.08 733.92 648.98 504.78 263.61
20.70 463.80 713.99 765.49 787.30 789.44 764.45 715.40 634.32 501.31 270.58
22.77 463.32 707.45 756.96 779.92 775.17 749.12 703.72 631.45 509.30 296.72
24.84 460.33 700.40 753.87 771.50 765.07 744.36 706.61 641.36 532.53 354.70
26.91 429.87 685.28 736.99 752.28 755.08 739.80 707.19 652.13 558.80 421.33
28.98 332.83 635.78 688.94 719.30 722.10 712.96 687.05 640.75 568.07 459.29
31.05 133.65 539.32 625.68 650.97 666.66 664.68 646.85 613.14 556.22 465.07
33.12 0.00 430.96 497.22 554.46 582.51 592.18 586.24 563.06 514.40 437.04
35.19 0.00 125.61 284.75 403.88 456.13 485.90 492.49 471.64 425.36 404.97
37.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 112.52 241.27 303.19 313.57 282.77 241.17 372.91
Table 18
Mesh topology
Start Animation
Figure 18
3D modification proposal
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Figure 19
Transmission deviation spectrum
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Figure 20
3D transmission error
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Figure 21
Load capacity ISO 6336 part 22 - local micropitting calculation
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Mean friction coefficient νm 0.04 -
Bulk temperature (micropitting) θM 85.27 °C
Material factor WW 1.00 -
Permissible specific lubricant film thickness λGfP 0.18 -
Specific lubricant film thickness λGf 0.82 -
Safety factor against micropitting Sλ 4.53 -
Table 19
Flash temperature distribution
Start Animation
Figure 22
Safety against micropitting (contour plot)
Start Animation
Figure 23
Sliding speed
Start Animation
Figure 24
3D specific lubricant film thickness
Start Animation
Figure 25
Stress at the highest loaded tangent (Coast side)
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Maximum stresses above the tooth engagement (Coast side)
Start Animation
Campbell Diagram
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Eigenvalue calculation - evaluation of critical operating points
Campbell - Is natural frequency critical Campbell - Rotational speeds Campbell - Natural frequencies Campbell - Dominant form of eigenmodes Campbell - meshing orders
Sym. 0-false, 1-true 0-Torsion, 1-Lateral, 2-Axial, 3-Mixed
Unit -- 1/min 1/s -- --
Dynamic tooth mesh stiffness
Sym. Cylindrical stage [27] Unit
Dynamic mesh stiffness cγ_dyn User input -
Dynamic mesh stiffness cγ_dyn - N/(mm·µm)
Table 20
Cylindrical stage [37]
Cylindrical stage 3D image
Start Animation
Figure 26
DIN 3960 - Main geometry
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Normal pressure angle αn 20.00000 °
Helix angle at reference diameter β 0.00000 0.00000 °
Number of teeth z 25 102 -
Center distance a 254.000 mm
Normal module mn 4.00000 4.00000 mm
Transverse module mt 4.00000 4.00000 mm
Addendum modification coeff. x 0.000000 0.000000 -
Face width b 130.000 130.000 mm
Tip diameter da 108.000 416.000 mm
Transverse contact ratio εα 1.733 -
Overlap contact ratio εβ 0.000 -
Total contact ratio εγ 1.733 -
Table 21
Tooth contact
Start Animation
Figure 27
Tooth engagement analysis (Root driving / Tip driven gear)
Start Animation
Figure 28
Tooth engagement analysis (Root driven / Tip driving gear)
Start Animation
Figure 29
DIN 3960 - Diameters
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Pitch diameter dw 100.000 408.000 mm
Reference diameter d 100.000 408.000 mm
Base diameter db 93.969 383.395 mm
Form diameter of addendum dFa 108.000 416.000 mm
Tooth tip chamfer (radial amount) hK 0.000 0.000 mm
Effective tip diameter dNa 108.000 416.000 mm
Effective root diameter dNf 94.771 401.889 mm
Form diameter of dedendum dFf 94.320 399.675 mm
Form allowance cn 0.225 1.107 mm
Root undercut qFs - - mm
Measuring diameter root undercut dFs - - mm
Root diameter df 89.766 397.574 mm
Table 22
DIN 3960 - Tool data preliminary tool
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Tool 1 Tool [235] Tool [236] -
Normal module (preliminary tool) mn0 - - mm
Normal pressure angle (preliminary tool) αn0 - - °
Radial amount of tip round (cutter pinion) hrho - - mm
Utilized dedendum diameter (preliminary tool) dFf0 - - mm
Generating addendum modification coefficient (preliminary) xE - - -
Table 23
Forces and moments in the system
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Resulting axial force in u-direction Fax,u 0.00 0.00 N
Resulting radial force in v-direction Frad,v 62801.24 -62801.24 N
Resulting radial force in w-direction Frad,w -22857.78 22857.78 N
Resulting moment around v axis Mv 0.00 0.00 Nm
Resulting moment around w axis Mw 0.00 0.00 Nm
Table 24
Deviation and tilting in the system
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Displacement in u-direction Δu -38.9 9.6 µm
Displacement in v-direction Δv 86.8 -37.1 µm
Displacement in w-direction Δw -46.9 12.0 µm
Tilting around the v-axis Δφv -0.000140 2.87e-05 rad
Tilting around the w-axis Δφw -0.000117 4.45e-05 rad
Table 25
DIN 3960 - Tool data finishing tool
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Tool 2 - - -
Normal module (finishing tool) mn0 4.000 4.000 mm
Normal pressure angle (finishing tool) αn0 20.00 20.00 °
Radial value of tip radius of pinion-type cutter hρ - - mm
Utilized dedendum diameter (finishing tool) dFf0 - - mm
Generating addendum modification coefficient (finished) xE -0.029192 -0.053232 -
Table 26
ISO 6336 Load capacity
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Version ISO 6336 ISO 6336 (2006) -
Nominal power P -143.08 143.08 kW
Torque T 3140.06 12811.45 Nm
Nominal speed n 435.12 -106.65 1/min
Service life LH 100000.0 100000.0 h
Load factors -
Application factor KA 1.25 -
Dynamic factor Kv 1.03 -
Transverse load factor flank KHα 1.00 -
Face load factor flank KHβ 1.20 -
Pitting capacity -
Tooth contact factor pinion ZB 1.057 -
Tooth contact factor wheel ZD 1.000 -
Auxiliary factor for contact factors fZCa - -
Zone factor ZH 2.495 -
Elastic factor ZE 191.646 √N/mm²
Contact ratio factor Zε 0.869 -
Helix angle factor Zβ 1.000 -
Lubricant factor ZL 1.047 -
Roughness factor ZR 1.027 -
Velocity factor flank Zv 0.966 -
Work hardening factor ZW 1.000 -
Size factor ZX 1.00 1.00 -
Life factor (standard conditions) ZNT 0.886 0.925 -
Contact stress (nominal value) σH0 1031.7 N/mm²
Hertzian contact stress (B...D) σH 1341.4 1268.6 N/mm²
Endurance limit flank σHlim 1500.0 1500.0 N/mm²
Allowable contact stress σHP 1380.6 1441.4 N/mm²
Flank safety factor SH 1.029 1.136 -
Safety factor (torque) SHMo 1.059 1.291 -
Bending capacity -
Form factor YF 1.501 1.293 -
Load distribution influence factor fε - -
Helix angle factor Yβ 1.000 -
Deep tooth factor YDT 1.000 -
Size factor YX 1.00 1.00 -
Relative surface condition factor YRrelT 0.960 0.960 -
Life factor (standard conditions) YNT 0.850 0.850 -
Root stress (nominal value) σF0 367.8 378.2 N/mm²
Tooth root stress σF 549.0 564.6 N/mm²
Endurance limit for tooth root σFlim 461.0 461.0 N/mm²
Allowable tooth root stress σFP 880.5 889.1 N/mm²
Root safety factor SF 1.604 1.575 -
Table 27
ISO 6336-22 - Table safety factor
Sym. Unit
Points on the contact path -
Local Hertzian contact stress pdyn N/mm²
Nom. Hertzian cont. stress pH N/mm²
Distance of point Y from point A g mm
Flash temperature θfla °C
Contact temperature θB °C
Press.-visco. coeff. at loc. cont. temp. αθB mm²/N
Dynamic viscosity at locol contact temperature ηθB Ns/m²
Density of lubr. at loc. cont. temp. ρθB kg/m³
Kin. visco. at loc. cont. temp. νθB mm²/s
Load sharing factor X --
Buttressing factor Xbut --
Local load parameter W --
Velocity parameters U --
Sliding parameter SGF --
Lubricant film thickness h µm
Loc. Spec. lubr. film thickness λGF --
Safety factor against micropitting Sλ --
Sum of tangential velocities vΣ m/s
Local sliding velocity vg m/s
Local tangential velocity (Cylindrical gear [40]) vr m/s
Local tangential velocity (Cylindrical gear [41]) vr m/s
Norm. rad. of rel. curvature ρn mm
Transv. rad. of rel. curvature ρt mm
Transv. radius of curvature (Cylindrical gear [40]) ρt mm
Transv. radius of curvature (Cylindrical gear [41]) ρt mm
Diameter at contact point min. required safety factor (Cylindrical gear [40]) d mm
Diameter at contact point min. required safety factor (Cylindrical gear [41]) d mm
ISO 6336-22 - Safety against micropitting
ISO/TS 6336-20/-21:2017 - Flash temperature method
ISO/TS 6336-20/-21:2017 - Integral temperature method
ISO 6336-6 - Tooth flank capacity (left flank)
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Safety factor (spectrum) pitting - left flank (ISO 6336) SH,Miner,l - - -
Static safety factor pitting left flank (ISO 6336) SH,Miner,stat,l - - -
Long life safety factor pitting left flank (ISO 6336) SH,Miner,long,l - - -
Miner sum safety factor pitting left flank (ISO 6336) UH,l,sc - - -
Miner sum for scaled number of load cycles pitting left flank (ISO 6336) UH,scaled,l - - -
Scaled total number of load cycles pitting left flank (ISO 6336) NH,scaled,l - - -
Scaling factor for the number of load cycles pitting left flank (ISO 6336) SH,scaled,l - - -
Critical bin index safety factor pitting left flank (ISO 6336) iH,l - - -
Critical bin index scaled load cycles pitting left flank (ISO 6336) iH,scaled,l - - -
ISO 6336-6 - Tooth flank capacity (right flank)
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Safety factor (spectrum) pitting - right flank (ISO 6336) SH,Miner,r - - -
Static safety factor pitting right flank (ISO 6336) SH,Miner,stat,r - - -
Long life safety factor pitting right flank (ISO 6336) SH,Miner,long,r - - -
Miner sum safety factor pitting right flank (ISO 6336) UH,r,sc - - -
Miner sum for scaled number of load cycles pitting right flank (ISO 6336) UH,scaled,r - - -
Scaled total number of load cycles against pitting - right flank (ISO 6336) NH,scaled,r - - -
Scaling factor for the number of load cycles pitting right flank (ISO 6336) SH,scaled,r - - -
Critical bin index safety factor pitting right flank (ISO 6336) iH,r - - -
Critical bin index scaled load cycles pitting right flank (ISO 6336) iH,scaled,r - - -
ISO 6336-6 - Tooth root capacity (left flank)
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Safety factor (spectrum) bending - left flank (ISO 6336) SF,Miner,l - - -
Static safety factor bending left flank (ISO 6336) SF,Miner,stat,l - - -
Long life safety factor bending left flank (ISO 6336) SF,Miner,long,l - - -
Miner sum safety factor bending left flank (ISO 6336) UF,l,sc - - -
Miner sum for scaled number of load cycles bending left flank (ISO 6336) UF,scaled,l - - -
Scaled total number of load cycles bending left flank (ISO 6336) NF,scaled,l - - -
Scaling factor for the number of load cycles bending left flank (ISO 6336) SF,scaled,l - - -
Critical bin index scaled load cycles bending left flank (ISO 6336) iF,scaled,l - - -
Critical bin index safety factor bending left flank (ISO 6336) iF,l - - -
ISO 6336-6 - Tooth root capacity (right flank)
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Safety factor (spectrum) bending - right flank (ISO 6336) SF,Miner,r - - -
Static safety factor bending right flank (ISO 6336) SF,Miner,stat,r - - -
Long life safety factor bending right flank (ISO 6336) SF,Miner,long,r - - -
Miner sum safety factor bending right flank (ISO 6336) UF,r,sc - - -
Miner sum for scaled number of load cycles bending right flank (ISO 6336) UF,scaled,r - - -
Scaled total number of load cycles bending right flank (ISO 6336) NF,scaled,r - - -
Scaling factor for the number of load cycles bending right flank (ISO 6336) SF,scaled,r - - -
Critical bin index scaled load cycles bending right flank (ISO 6336) iF,scaled,r - - -
Critical bin index safety factor bending right flank (ISO 6336) iF,r - - -
AGMA 2101-C95/D04 - Load capacity
VDI 2736 (2014) - Tooth flank load-carrying capacity
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Poisson's ratio ν - - -
Modulus of elasticity E - - N/mm²
Elasticity factor ZE - √N/mm²
Zone factor ZH - -
Contact ratio factor - flank Zε - -
Helix angle factor Zβ - -
Circumferential force at the reference circle Ft - N
Factor for tooth flank stress KH - -
Common tooth width bw - mm
Flank pressure σH - N/mm²
Rolling contact fatigue strength σHlimN - - N/mm²
Roughness factor ZR - -
Minimum tooth flank safety SHmin - - -
Permissible flank pressure σHP - - N/mm²
Tooth flank safety SH - - -
Tooth flank safety relative to moment SHmo - - -
VDI 2736 (2014) - Tooth root load-carrying capacity
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Factor for tooth root stress KF - -
Form factor YFa - - -
Stress correction factor (strength) YSa - - -
Contact ratio factor - root Yε - -
Helix angle factor Yβ - -
Circumferential force at the reference circle Ft - N
Facewidth for tooth root stress bFuß - - mm
Tooth root stress σF - - N/mm²
Fatigue strength under pulsating stress σFlimN - - N/mm²
Stress correction factor YSt - - -
Tooth root strength limit σFG - - N/mm²
Minimum tooth root safety SFmin - - -
Permissible tooth root stress σFP - - N/mm²
Tooth root safety SF - - -
Load distribution
Start Animation
Figure 30
Deformation gear 1 / gear 2
Start Animation
Figure 31
Form mesh topology
Start Animation
Figure 32
Modification proposal
Start Animation
Figure 33
Tooth deflection
Bending deflection (Cylindrical gear [40])
Bending deflection (Cylindrical gear [41])
Torsional deflection (Cylindrical gear [40])
Torsional deflection (Cylindrical gear [41])
Applied tooth modification
Tooth spring deflection
Total tooth deflection
Sym.
Unit µm µm µm µm µm µm µm
1 23.7 6.7 0.0 0.8 20.0 23.9 66.6
2 24.4 6.4 1.9 0.8 16.7 24.9 66.6
3 24.9 6.0 3.7 0.8 13.9 25.8 66.6
4 25.1 5.6 5.3 0.8 11.7 26.5 66.6
5 25.0 5.2 6.9 0.7 10.1 27.1 66.6
6 24.7 4.9 8.3 0.7 9.0 27.5 66.6
7 24.0 4.5 9.6 0.7 8.4 27.8 66.6
8 23.1 4.1 10.8 0.7 8.4 28.0 66.6
9 21.8 3.7 11.9 0.6 9.0 28.0 66.6
10 20.3 3.3 12.9 0.6 10.1 27.9 66.6
11 18.5 2.9 13.7 0.5 11.8 27.6 66.6
12 16.5 2.5 14.4 0.5 14.0 27.1 66.6
13 14.3 2.1 15.0 0.4 16.8 26.5 66.6
14 11.8 1.7 15.5 0.3 20.1 25.6 66.6
15 9.1 1.3 15.9 0.2 24.0 24.5 66.6
16 6.2 0.8 16.2 0.2 28.5 23.2 66.6
17 3.2 0.4 16.4 0.1 33.5 21.5 66.6
18 0.0 0.0 16.4 0.0 39.0 19.6 66.6
Table 28
Recommended tip relief acc. to SIGG (AGMA Paper 109.16, 1965)
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Amount of modification -
Amount of tip relief at start of mesh acc. to SIGG CSigg,A 28.5 µm
Amount of tip relief at end of mesh acc. to SIGG CSigg,E 23.4 µm
Begin of modification -
Start of the short tip relief in mm of the diameter 104.006 412.717 mm
Start of the long tip relief in mm of the diameter 100.600 409.591 mm
Start of the short root relief in mm of the diameter 96.278 404.569 mm
Start of the long root relief in mm of the diameter 98.526 407.416 mm
Table 29
Recommended tip relief acc. to SIGG (AGMA Paper 109.16, 1965)
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Cylindrical gear [40] Cylindrical gear [41]
Amount of modification -
Amount of tip relief at start of mesh acc. to SIGG CSigg,A 28.5 µm
Amount of tip relief at end of mesh acc. to SIGG CSigg,E 23.4 µm
Length of modification in mm path of contact -
Length of the short tip relief in mm of the path of engagement 4.329 mm
Length of the long tip relief in mm of the path of contact 8.658 mm
Length of the short root relief in mm of the path of contact 4.329 mm
Length of the long root relief in mm of the path of contact 8.658 mm
Length of modification in % path of contact -
Length of the short tip relief in % of the path of contact 21.2 %
Length of the long tip relief in % of the path of contact 42.3 %
Length of the short root relief in % of the path of contact 21.2 %
Length of the long root relief in % of the path of contact 42.3 %
Diameter for beginn of tip relief -
Start of the short tip relief in mm of the diameter 104.006 412.717 mm
Start of the long tip relief in mm of the diameter 100.600 409.591 mm
Start of the short root relief in mm of the diameter 96.278 404.569 mm
Start of the long root relief in mm of the diameter 98.526 407.416 mm
Lengt of modification in mm rolling path -
Table 30
Local results on 3D tooth flank
Start Animation
Figure 34
Load distribution
Start Animation
Figure 35
Load distribution (contour plot)
Start Animation
Figure 36
Pressure distribution
Start Animation
Figure 37
Pressure distribution (contour plot)
Start Animation
Figure 38
Pressungsverteilung
Pressure distribution
Gear width
0.00 26.00 39.00 52.00 65.00 78.00 91.00 104.00 117.00 130.00
Path of contact
 0.00 1045.05 1167.71 1189.94 1200.85 1200.43 1189.23 1163.58 1119.93 1045.75 858.17
2.27 961.53 1077.38 1098.70 1109.14 1108.74 1097.99 1073.41 1031.52 959.60 784.73
3.41 934.31 1047.25 1068.19 1078.43 1078.05 1067.48 1043.34 1002.18 931.24 761.91
4.55 915.25 1025.39 1045.96 1056.01 1055.64 1045.25 1021.55 981.12 911.24 747.20
5.69 901.79 1009.07 1029.24 1039.09 1038.73 1028.53 1005.31 965.66 897.03 738.26
6.82 892.49 996.75 1016.47 1026.09 1025.74 1015.77 993.07 954.33 887.20 733.81
7.96 886.47 987.47 1006.68 1016.04 1015.70 1005.99 983.90 946.22 880.87 733.09
9.10 1089.29 1170.77 1186.79 1194.62 1194.34 1186.23 1167.84 1136.68 1082.82 966.71
10.23 1134.78 1208.94 1223.71 1230.94 1230.68 1223.20 1206.26 1177.65 1128.25 1023.72
11.37 1090.83 1164.44 1179.02 1186.16 1185.90 1178.53 1161.80 1133.53 1084.70 980.53
12.51 798.17 890.71 908.18 916.70 916.40 907.57 887.48 853.19 793.65 657.85
13.64 763.55 854.41 871.42 879.72 879.42 870.84 851.27 817.87 759.87 625.64
14.78 730.61 819.28 835.71 843.74 843.45 835.16 816.25 783.97 727.98 595.99
15.92 699.04 785.02 800.77 808.48 808.20 800.26 782.12 751.18 697.64 568.53
17.06 668.61 751.44 766.42 773.76 773.49 765.95 748.69 719.27 668.55 542.97
18.19 639.15 718.40 732.54 739.48 739.22 732.12 715.83 688.07 640.53 519.07
19.33 610.57 685.82 699.05 705.55 705.30 698.67 683.43 657.48 613.43 496.73
20.47 582.51 653.46 665.74 671.79 671.54 665.41 651.26 627.20 586.84 475.34
Table 31
Mesh topology
Start Animation
Figure 39
3D modification proposal
Start Animation
Figure 40
Transmission deviation spectrum
Start Animation
Figure 41
3D transmission error
Start Animation
Figure 42
Load capacity ISO 6336 part 22 - local micropitting calculation
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Mean friction coefficient νm 0.06 -
Bulk temperature (micropitting) θM 83.73 °C
Material factor WW 1.00 -
Permissible specific lubricant film thickness λGfP 0.18 -
Specific lubricant film thickness λGf 0.21 -
Safety factor against micropitting Sλ 1.18 -
Table 32
Flash temperature distribution
Start Animation
Figure 43
Safety against micropitting (contour plot)
Start Animation
Figure 44
Sliding speed
Start Animation
Figure 45
3D specific lubricant film thickness
Start Animation
Figure 46
Stress at the highest loaded tangent (Coast side)
Start Animation
Maximum stresses above the tooth engagement (Coast side)
Start Animation
Campbell Diagram
Start Animation
Eigenvalue calculation - evaluation of critical operating points
Campbell - Is natural frequency critical Campbell - Rotational speeds Campbell - Natural frequencies Campbell - Dominant form of eigenmodes Campbell - meshing orders
Sym. 0-false, 1-true 0-Torsion, 1-Lateral, 2-Axial, 3-Mixed
Unit -- 1/min 1/s -- --
Dynamic tooth mesh stiffness
Sym. Cylindrical stage [37] Unit
Dynamic mesh stiffness cγ_dyn User input -
Dynamic mesh stiffness cγ_dyn - N/(mm·µm)
Table 33
Cylindrical gear [30]
Tooth profile incl. Diameters
Start Animation
Figure 47
Tool profile finished
Start Animation
Figure 48
Matrix topology/modification (left flank)
Start Animation
Figure 49
Matrix topology/modification (right flank)
Start Animation
Figure 50
Flank modifications (flank and profile line)
Start Animation
Figure 51
Flank modifications (topology)
Start Animation
Figure 52
Tooth flank (left flank) - Pressure spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
Tooth root (left flank) - Spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
Tooth flank (right flank) - Pressure spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
Tooth root (right flank) - Spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
K-Chart diagram - Profile line (Centre of tooth width)
Start Animation
Figure 53
K-Chart diagram - Flank line (Reference circle)
Start Animation
Figure 54
Cylindrical gear [31]
Tooth profile incl. Diameters
Start Animation
Figure 55
Tool profile finished
Start Animation
Figure 56
Matrix topology/modification (left flank)
Start Animation
Figure 57
Matrix topology/modification (right flank)
Start Animation
Figure 58
Flank modifications (flank and profile line)
Start Animation
Figure 59
Flank modifications (topology)
Start Animation
Figure 60
Tooth flank (left flank) - Pressure spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
Tooth root (left flank) - Spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
Tooth flank (right flank) - Pressure spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
Tooth root (right flank) - Spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
K-Chart diagram - Profile line (Centre of tooth width)
Start Animation
Figure 61
K-Chart diagram - Flank line (Reference circle)
Start Animation
Figure 62
Cylindrical gear [40]
Tooth profile incl. Diameters
Start Animation
Figure 63
Tool profile finished
Start Animation
Figure 64
Matrix topology/modification (left flank)
Start Animation
Figure 65
Matrix topology/modification (right flank)
Start Animation
Figure 66
Flank modifications (flank and profile line)
Start Animation
Figure 67
Flank modifications (topology)
Start Animation
Figure 68
Tooth flank (left flank) - Pressure spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
Tooth root (left flank) - Spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
Tooth flank (right flank) - Pressure spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
Tooth root (right flank) - Spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
K-Chart diagram - Profile line (Centre of tooth width)
Start Animation
Figure 69
K-Chart diagram - Flank line (Reference circle)
Start Animation
Figure 70
Cylindrical gear [41]
Tooth profile incl. Diameters
Start Animation
Figure 71
Tool profile finished
Start Animation
Figure 72
Matrix topology/modification (left flank)
Start Animation
Matrix topology/modification (right flank)
Start Animation
Flank modifications (flank and profile line)
Start Animation
Flank modifications (topology)
Start Animation
Tooth flank (left flank) - Pressure spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
Tooth root (left flank) - Spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
Tooth flank (right flank) - Pressure spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
Tooth root (right flank) - Spectrum and S/N curve
Start Animation
K-Chart diagram - Profile line (Centre of tooth width)
Start Animation
K-Chart diagram - Flank line (Reference circle)
Start Animation
Bevel stage [3]
Gear Geometry
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Number of teeth z 20 33 -
Shaft angle Σ 90.00 °
Hypoid offset a 0.00 mm
Normal module (tooth center) mmn 5.169 mm
Normal module mmn 5.169 5.169 mm
Mean helix angle βm -35.00 35.00 °
Reference cone angle δ 31.22 58.78 °
Tip angle δa 31.22 58.78 °
Root angle δf 31.22 58.78 °
Normal pressure angle traction αnZ 20.00 °
Normal pressure angle thrust αnS 20.00 °
Spiral angle pitch direction Left Right -
Face width b 42.97 42.97 mm
Mean reference cone distance Rm 121.76 121.76 mm
Outer tooth depth he 11.63 11.63 mm
Addendum modification coeff. xhm 0.17 -0.17 -
Tooth thickness modification factor xsm 0.00 -0.01 -
Mean normal circular thickness smn 8.791 7.398 mm
Addendum and Deendum Factors -
Dedendum coefficient hfp* 1.25 1.25 -
Addendum coefficient hap* 1.00 1.00 -
Outer dedendum hfe 5.583 7.341 mm
Outer addendum hae 6.048 4.291 mm
Cutter Head -
Number of blade groups z0 5 -
Cutter head radius rc0 100.00 mm
Table 34
Transverse section Wheel
Start Animation
Figure 73
Transverse section Pinion
Start Animation
Figure 74
Deviation area (ease-off)
Start Animation
Figure 75
Circumferential backlash
Start Animation
Figure 76
Safety factors acc. to ISO 10300 (2014)
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Pitting safety factor SH 1.90 1.90 -
Bending safety factor SF 3.37 3.36 -
Table 35
Safety factors acc. to AGMA 2003 - A86
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Safety factor - pitting SH - - -
Allowable transmitted power Pac - kW
Safety factor - bending SF - - -
Allowable transmitted power for bending stress Pat - kW
Safety factor scuffing acc. to ISO/TS 6336-20 and -21 (2017)
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Safety factor for scuffing SB - -
Safety factor for scuffing SintS - -
Safety factors acc. to AGMA 2003 - B97
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Calculated safety for S_H=1 SH - - -
Allowable transmitted power Paz - - kW
Calculated safety for S_F=1 SF - - -
Allowable transmitted power Pay - - kW
Safety factors acc. to AGMA 2003 - C10
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Calculated safety for S_H=1 SH - - -
Allowable transmitted power Paz - - kW
Calculated safety for S_F=1 SF - - -
Allowable transmitted power Pay - - kW
Safety Factors acc. to DIN 3991 (1988)
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Pitting safety factor SH - - -
Safety factor for scuffing SintS - -
Bending safety factor SF - - -
Safety factors acc. to FVA 411 (2009)
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Pitting safety factor SH - - -
Bending safety factor SF - - -
Safety factor against micro-pitting acc. to FVA 516 (2013)
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Minimum required relative lubricating film thickness acc. to FVA 516 λgfp - -
Minimum safety against micropitting Sλ,min - - -
Safety factor acc. to FVA 556 III (2014)
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Safety against tooth flank fracture SFB - -
Loaddependent dislocation (system calculation)
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Displacement in u-direction Δu 65.5 34.0 µm
Displacement in v-direction Δv -71.9 -11.6 µm
Displacement in w-direction Δw -55.6 -10.3 µm
Tilting around the v-axis Δφv 0.000531 -0.000206 rad
Tilting around the w-axis Δφw -0.000530 0.000228 rad
Table 36
Loaddependent change in relative position (system calculation)
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Generated pressure angle on coast side αnC 20.00 20.00 °
Axial displacement of pinion ΔP -88.9 µm
Axial displacement of crown wheel ΔG 144.8 µm
Deviation of offset ΔE 153.1 µm
Deviation of shaft angle ΔΣ -0.0186 °
Table 37
Load-free contact pattern - pinion
Start Animation
Load-free contact pattern - wheel
Start Animation
Contact pattern - profile dimensions (arc length, load-free)
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Contact pattern height (Arc length, load free) d - - mm
Tip spacing of contact pattern center (Arc length, load free) k - - mm
Minimum tip spacing at contact pattern center (Arc length, load free) e - - mm
Maximum tip spacing at contact pattern center (Arc length, load free) m - - mm
Minimum contact pattern tip spacing (Arc length, load free) l - - mm
Maximum contact pattern tip spacing (Arc length, load free) o - - mm
Contact pattern - width dimensions (arc length, load-free)
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Contact pattern width (Arc length, load free) a - - mm
Tooth width (Arc length, load free) b - - mm
Heel spacing of contact pattern center (Arc length, load free) c - - mm
Contact pattern heel spacing (Arc length, load free) g - - mm
Contact pattern toe spacing (Arc length, load free) f - - mm
Line load
Start Animation
Figure 77
Line load (Contour plot)
Start Animation
Figure 78
Flank pressure
Start Animation
Figure 79
Flank pressure (Contour plot)
Start Animation
Figure 80
Local load capacity - pittings
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Min. Safety factor for contact stress (against pittings) S_H SH 1.64 1.57 -
Lubricant factor Z_L ZL 1.05 1.05 -
Roughness factor Z_R ZR 1.04 1.04 -
Speed factor Z_V ZV 1.00 1.00 -
Work hardening factor ZW 1.00 -
Size factor Z_X ZX 1.00 1.00 -
Hypoid factor Z_Hyp ZHyp 1.00 1.00 -
Slip factor Z_S ZS 1.18 1.11 -
Life factor Z_NT ZNT 1.00 1.00 -
Contact stress σHP - - MPa
Contact stress at location of minimum micropitting safety σH_at_S_H_min 1168.79 1154.62 MPa
Allowable contact stress at S_H_min σHG_at_S_H_min 1921.63 1818.07 MPa
SN curve exponent (WL) - flank k - - -
Number of buckling load cycles (WL) -flank ND - - -
Pitting endurance limit at location of minimum pitting safety σD_at_S_H_min 1921.63 1818.07 MPa
Table 38
Local load capacity - micro pittings
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Min. safety factor for micro pitting Sλ_min 0.66 1.34 -
Relative lubricant film thickness at location of minimum safety against micropitting λat_λ_min 0.99 1.04 -
Drive factor WD_at_S_λ_min 1.00 1.76 -
Slip factor WS_at_S_λ_min 0.70 0.70 -
Hypoid factor at location of minimum safety against micropitting WHyp_at_S_λ_min 0.84 0.84 -
Life factor WNT 0.19 0.21 -
Table 39
Sliding speed (Contour plot)
Start Animation
Figure 81
Flash temperature (Contour plot)
Start Animation
Figure 82
Tooth root stress
Start Animation
Figure 83
Local load capacity - root
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Bevel or hypoid gear [8] Bevel or hypoid gear [9]
Safety factor for bending stress (against breakage) SF 2.36 2.58 -
Relative sensitivity factor Y_drelT YdrelT 1.00 1.00 -
Relative surface factor Y_RrelT YRrelT 0.96 0.96 -
Size factor Y_X YX 1.00 1.00 -
Life factor Y_NT YNT 1.00 1.00 -
Tooth root fatigue strength at location of minimum root safety σD_at_S_F_min 877.57 878.48 MPa
Allowable stress number for tooth root σFP_at_S_F_min 877.57 878.48 MPa
SN curve exponent (WL) - tooth root k - - -
Number of buckling load cycles (WL) - tooth root ND - - -
Stress number (bending) (WL) σF - - MPa
Table 40
Campbell Diagram
Start Animation
Eigenvalue calculation - evaluation of critical operating points
Campbell - Rotational speeds Campbell - Is natural frequency critical Campbell - Natural frequencies Campbell - Dominant form of eigenmodes Campbell - meshing orders
Sym. 0-false, 1-true 0-Torsion, 1-Lateral, 2-Axial, 3-Mixed
Unit 1/min -- 1/s -- --
Dynamic tooth mesh stiffness
Sym. Bevel stage [3] Unit
Dynamic mesh stiffness cγ_dyn - N/(mm·µm)
Bevel gear wheel body [1327]
Wheel body geometry
Start Animation
Figure 84
Geometry parameters of the standard wheel body
Sym. Bevel gear wheel body [1327] Unit
Wheel body design Standard wheel body variant 1 -
Gear body - diameter D1 100.000 mm
Gear body - diameter D2 - mm
Gear body - diameter D3 - mm
Gear body - width B1 30.000 mm
Gear body - width B2 - mm
Gear body - width B3 - mm
Gear body - height H1 - mm
Gear body clamping Hub clamping -
Gear body clamping heel - diameter D1heel - mm
Gear body clamping heel - diameter D2heel - mm
Gear body clamping toe - diameter D1toe - mm
Gear body clamping toe - diameter D2toe - mm
Table 41
FE mesh characteristics
Sym. Bevel gear wheel body [1327] Unit
FE mesh element quality assessment Alle Elemente erfüllen die geforderten Qualitätskriterien! -
Element size - -
Mesh type parametrized hexahedral mesh -
Element order Linear -
Number of elements 16256 -
Number of nodes 19431 -
Allow surface corrections - -
Defeaturing (relative to total size) - %
Table 42
Bevel gear wheel body [1328]
Wheel body geometry
Start Animation
Geometry parameters of the standard wheel body
Sym. Bevel gear wheel body [1328] Unit
Wheel body design Elastic half space -
Gear body - diameter D1 - mm
Gear body - diameter D2 - mm
Gear body - diameter D3 - mm
Gear body - width B1 - mm
Gear body - width B2 - mm
Gear body - width B3 - mm
Gear body - height H1 - mm
Gear body clamping - -
Gear body clamping heel - diameter D1heel - mm
Gear body clamping heel - diameter D2heel - mm
Gear body clamping toe - diameter D1toe - mm
Gear body clamping toe - diameter D2toe - mm
Table 43
FE mesh characteristics
Shaft [4]
Shaft schematic
Start Animation
Figure 85
General Shaft Data
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Material 42CrMo4 [1302] -
Length 234.000 mm
Rotational speed n 1400.00 1/min
Sense of rotation Anticlockwise -
Axial coordinate of beginning of shaft 0.000 mm
Material -
Heat treatment Hardened and tempered -
Modulus of elasticity E 210000 N/mm²
Shear modulus 80769.23 N/mm²
Poisson's ratio ν 0.30 -
Density ρ 7.85 kg/dm³
Yield strength or offset yield point 900.00 N/mm²
Tensile strength σB 1100.00 N/mm²
Table 44
Bearing Forces and Moments (Inner Ring)
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Rolling bearing [21] Rolling bearing [22]
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in u-direction Fu 8410.9 -14224.7 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in v-direction Fv 19548.9 -3772.9 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in w-direction Fw 17517.4 -5797.3 N
Bearing reaction torque on the inner ring around v-axis Mv -241.5 -84.5 Nm
Bearing reaction torque on the inner ring around w-axis Mw 268.4 63.5 Nm
Table 45
Deviations and Tilting (Inner Ring)
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Rolling bearing [21] Rolling bearing [22]
Displacement of the inner ring in u-direction 65.1 63.3 µm
Displacement of the inner ring in v-direction -47.0 -10.0 µm
Displacement of the inner ring in w-direction -32.5 -4.1 µm
Tilting of the inner ring around w-axis ww -0.0268 -0.0203 °
Tilting of the inner ring around v-axis wv 0.0241 0.0144 °
Table 46
Bearing Forces and Moments (Outer Ring)
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Rolling bearing [21] Rolling bearing [22]
Bearing reaction force on the outer ring in u-direction Fu -8410.9 14224.7 N
Bearing reaction force on the outer ring in v-direction Fv -19548.9 3772.9 N
Bearing reaction force on the outer ring in w-direction Fw -17517.4 5797.3 N
Bearing reaction torque on the outer ring around v-axis Mv 241.5 84.5 Nm
Bearing reaction torque on the outer ring around w-axis Mw -268.4 -63.5 Nm
Table 47
Deviations and Tilting (Outer Ring)
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Rolling bearing [21] Rolling bearing [22]
Displacement of the outer ring in u-direction -2.6 19.8 µm
Displacement of the outer ring in v-direction -16.7 -7.4 µm
Displacement of the outer ring in w-direction -6.5 -3.4 µm
Tilting of the outer ring around w-axis ww -0.00497 -0.00125 °
Tilting of the outer ring around v-axis wv -0.000210 0.000731 °
Table 48
Coupling forces and torques
Sym. Unit
Reaction force of the coupling on side 1 in u-direction N
Reaction force of the coupling on side 1 in v-direction N
Reaction force of the coupling on side 1 in w-direction N
Reaction torque of the coupling on side 1 around u-axis Nm
Reaction torque of the coupling on side 1 around v-axis Nm
Reaction torque of the coupling on side 1 around w-axis Nm
Coupling displacements and torsions
Sym. Unit
Displacement of side 1 in u-direction µm
Displacement of side 1 in v-direction µm
Displacement of side 1 in w-direction µm
Tilting of side 1 around u-axis °
Tilting of side 1 around v-axis °
Tilting of side 1 around w-axis °
3D bending curve
Start Animation
Figure 86
Bending line
Start Animation
Figure 87
Shear force distribution
Start Animation
Figure 88
Bending moment curve
Start Animation
Figure 89
Torque and torsion curve
Start Animation
Figure 90
Axial force / displacement
Start Animation
Figure 91
Shaft Safety Factors acc. to DIN 743 (2012)
Shaft safety against fatigue fracture Shaft safety against plastic deformation Safety against cracking, shaft
Sym. SD SF SA
Unit - - -
Shaft [4] Notch [68] 126.90 14.76 26.30
Notch [69] 8.71 15.10 14.73
Table 49
Shaft safety (DIN743)
Start Animation
Figure 92
Shaft Safety Factors acc. to DIN 743
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Shaft safety against fatigue fracture SD 126.90 8.71 -
Shaft safety against plastic deformation SF 14.76 15.10 -
Safety against cracking, shaft SA 26.30 14.73 -
Table 50
Notch - General Data
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Notch form Shaft shoulder Shaft shoulder -
Type of loading Sigma_mv=Const. Sigma_mv=Const. -
Shaft diameter at notch root d 60.000 65.000 mm
Nominal diameter of shaft da 65.000 70.000 mm
Inner diameter of shaft di 0.000 0.000 mm
Notch depth t 2.500 2.500 mm
Width m - - mm
Notch radius r 2.000 2.000 mm
Bore radius (cross-bore) rL - - mm
Surface roughness R_z Rz 13.0 13.0 µm
Notch reference diameter dBK - - mm
Notch reference roughness height RzB - - µm
Notch material 42CrMo4 [1302] 42CrMo4 [1302] -
Nominal diameter for heat treatment deff - - mm
Table 51
DIN 743 Influence Factors
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Notch form Shaft shoulder Shaft shoulder -
Technological size factor K1 ✖ ✖ -
Technological size factor K1 yield strength K1(deff) 0.79 0.78 -
Technological size factor K1 tensile strength K1(deff) 0.84 0.83 -
Geometric size factor K2, bending K2_(d)b 0.86 0.86 -
Geometric size factor K2, tension K2_(d)zd 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K2, torsion K2_(d)t 0.86 0.86 -
Geometric size factor K3, component, bending K3(d)b 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, component, tension K3(d)zd 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, component, torsion K3(d)t 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, experimental notch, bending K3(d_BK)b 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, experimental notch, tension K3(d_BK)zd 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, experimental notch, torsion K3(d_BK)t 1.00 1.00 -
Surface hardening factor KV, bending/torsion KVbt 1.00 1.00 -
Surface hardening factor KV, tension KVzd 1.00 1.00 -
Surface roughness factor KF, bending KFσ 0.84 0.84 -
Surface roughness factor KF, torsion KFτ 0.91 0.91 -
Table 52
DIN 743 - Loads
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Alternating load axial force, upper value FzdO 0.00 14224.67 N
Alternating load bending moment, upper value MbO 0.00 575.90 Nm
Alternation load torsional moment, upper value MtO 1052.35 1049.68 Nm
Stress Ratios -
Service factor cB - - -
Stress curve axial force - - -
Amplitude stress curve axial force - - %
Stress ratio R of the axial force RFzd 1.00 1.00 -
Stress curve bending moment - - -
Amplitude stress curve bending moment - - %
Stress ratio R of the bending moment RMb -1.00 -1.00 -
Stress curve torque - - -
Amplitude stress curve torque - - %
Stress ratio R of the torsional moment RMt 0.90 0.90 -
Maximum Load -
Impact factor for maximum load KS 1.35 1.35 -
Maximum force (alternative to impact coefficient) Fzdmax - - N
Maximum bending moment (alternative to impact coefficient) Mbmax - - Nm
Maximum torsional moment (alternative to impact coefficient) Mtmax - - Nm
Loads - Tension -
Maximum stress, tension σzdmax 0.0 5.8 MPa
Mean stress, tension σzdm 0.0 4.3 MPa
Stress amplitude, tension σzda 0.0 0.0 MPa
Loads - bending -
Maximum stress, bending σbmax 0.0 28.8 MPa
Mean stress, bending σbm 0.0 0.0 MPa
Stress amplitude, bending σba 0.0 21.4 MPa
Loads - Torsion -
Maximum stress, torsion τtmax 33.5 26.3 MPa
Mean stress, torsion τtm 23.6 18.5 MPa
Stress amplitude, torsional τta 1.2 1.0 MPa
Table 53
DIN 743 - Stress concentration factor
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Stress concentration factor, bending ασ 1.99 2.00 -
Stress concentration factor, tension ασ 2.15 2.16 -
Stress concentration factor, torsion ατ 1.46 1.46 -
Table 54
DIN 743 - Notch factors
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Calculated notch factor, bending ßσ 1.88 1.90 -
Calculated notch factor, tension ßσ 2.04 2.05 -
Calculated notch factor, torsion ßτ 1.41 1.41 -
Experimental notch factor, bending ßσ 1.00 1.00 -
Experimental notch factor, tension ßσ 1.00 1.00 -
Experimental notch factor, torsion ßτ 1.00 1.00 -
Table 55
DIN 743 - Supporting factors
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Supporting factor, bending nb 1.05 1.06 -
Supporting factor, tension nzd 1.05 1.06 -
Supporting factor, torsion nt 1.04 1.04 -
Static supporting effect K2F, tension K2Fzd 1.00 1.00 -
Static supporting effect K2F, bending K2Fb 1.20 1.20 -
Static supporting effect K2F, torsion K2Ft 1.20 1.20 -
Table 56
DIN 743 - Yield strength
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Technological size factor K1 yield strength K1(deff) 0.79 0.78 -
Component yield strength, tension σFK_z 785.08 774.25 MPa
Component yield strength, bending σFK_b 899.27 929.10 MPa
Component yield strength, torsion σFK_t 494.47 487.65 MPa
Increase factor for yield strength, tension ΥFzd 1.10 1.10 -
Increase factor for yield strength, bending ΥFb 1.05 1.10 -
Increase factor for yield strength, torsion ΥFt 1.00 1.00 -
Table 57
DIN 743 - Fatigue strength
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Component reversed fatigue strength, tension σWK_zd 165.95 163.44 MPa
Component reversed fatigue strength, bending σWK_b 194.29 190.07 MPa
Component reversed fatigue strength, torsion τWK_t 159.67 156.79 MPa
Stress amplitude of the component fatigue strength for a specific mean stress, tension σADK_zd 161.93 160.28 MPa
Stress amplitude of the component fatigue strength for a specific mean stress, bending σADK_b 189.50 186.33 MPa
Stress amplitude of the component fatigue strength for a specific mean stress, torsion τADK_t 157.44 155.04 MPa
Table 58
FKM Guideline (2012) - Safety factors
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Nominal static safety factor of all loads combined SSK_sta_tot - - -
Nominal cyclic safety factor of all loads combined SSK_cyc_tot - - -
Shaft safety (FKM)
Start Animation
FKM Guideline (2012) - Degree of utilizations
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Nominal static degree of utilization of tension-compression force in the u-direction aSK_sta_zd - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of shear force in the v-direction aSK_sta_s,v - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of shear force in the w-direction aSK_sta_s,w - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of bending moment about the v-direction aSK_sta_b,v - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of bending moment about the w-direction aSK_sta_b,w - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of torsional moment in the u-direction aSK_sta_t,u - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of all loads combined aSK_sta_tot - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Stress concentration factors
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Stress concentration factor for nominal normal stress due to tension-compression force in u-direction Kt_zd,u - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal shear stress due to shear force in v-direction Kt_s,v - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal shear stress due to shear force in w-direction Kt_s,w - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal shear stress due to torsional moment in u-direction Kt_t,u - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal normal stress due to bending moment about the v-direction Kt_b,v - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal normal stress due to bending moment about the w-direction Kt_b,w - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Notch factors
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Notch factor for nominal cyclic normal stress due to tension-compression force in the u-direction Kf_zd,u - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the v-direction Kf_s,v - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the w-direction Kf_s,w - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic shear stress due to torsional moment in the u-direction Kf_t,u - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the v-direction Kf_b,v - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the w-direction Kf_b,w - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Notch factors of probes
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic normal stress due to tension-compression force in the u-direction Kf_zd,u(d_p) - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the v-direction Kf_s,v(d_p) - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the w-direction Kf_s,w(d_p) - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic shear stress due to torsional moment in the u-direction Kf_t,u(d_p) - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the v-direction Kf_b,v(d_p) - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the w-direction Kf_b,w(d_p) - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Stress gradients
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Nominal cyclic global normal stress gradient Gσ(d) - - 1/mm
Nominal cyclic global shear stress gradient Gτ(d) - - 1/mm
Nominal cyclic local normal stress gradient Gσ(r) - - 1/mm
Nominal cyclic local shear stress gradient Gτ(r) - - 1/mm
FKM Guideline (2012) - Cyclic stress ratios
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Nominal cyclic normal stress ratio due to tension-compression forces in the u-direction Rσ_N_cyc_zd,u - - -
Nominal cyclic shear stress ratio due to shear force in the v-direction Rτ_N_cyc_s,v - - -
Nominal cyclic shear stress ratio due to shear force in the w-direction Rτ_N_cyc_s,w - - -
Nominal cyclic shear stress ratio due to torsional moment about the u-direction Rτ_N_cyc_t,u - - -
Nominal cyclic normal stress ratio due to bending moment about the v-direction Rσ_N_cyc_b,v - - -
Nominal cyclic normal stress ratio due to bending moment about the w-direction Rσ_N_cyc_b,w - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Yield strengths
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Yield strength of component Rp - - MPa
FKM Guideline (2012) - Tensile strengths
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Tensile strength of component Rm - - MPa
FKM Guideline (2012) - User defined parameters
Sym. Shaft [4] Unit
Notch [68] Notch [69]
Additional safety factor for castings Not necessary Not necessary -
Consequences of damage in case of failure of the component Low Low -
Consider influence of anisotropy ✔ ✔ -
Is polished component ✖ ✖ -
Load safety factor 1.00 1.00 -
Maximum static bending stress on tension side ✔ ✔ -
Miner variant under cyclic load No structural durability calculation No structural durability calculation -
Overloading type under cyclic load Mean stress Mean stress -
Probability of the occurrence of all maxima at the same time Low Low -
Regular inspections under cyclic load Regularly Regularly -
Surface treatment factor KV 1.00 1.00 -
Consequences of damage in case of failure of the component Low Low -
Temperature under static load - - °C
Time of operation at temperature under static load - - h
Use equivalent mean stress under cyclic load ✔ ✔ -
Table 59
Shaft [6]
Shaft schematic
Start Animation
Figure 93
General Shaft Data
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Material 42CrMo4 [1302] -
Length 310.000 mm
Rotational speed n 848.48 1/min
Sense of rotation Anticlockwise -
Axial coordinate of beginning of shaft -20.000 mm
Material -
Heat treatment Hardened and tempered -
Modulus of elasticity E 210000 N/mm²
Shear modulus 80769.23 N/mm²
Poisson's ratio ν 0.30 -
Density ρ 7.85 kg/dm³
Yield strength or offset yield point 900.00 N/mm²
Tensile strength σB 1100.00 N/mm²
Table 60
Bearing Forces and Moments (Inner Ring)
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Rolling bearing [25] Rolling bearing [26]
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in u-direction Fu -9298.5 5083.3 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in v-direction Fv 11066.2 -14149.0 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in w-direction Fw 6140.7 -7714.5 N
Bearing reaction torque on the inner ring around v-axis Mv 179.0 195.3 Nm
Bearing reaction torque on the inner ring around w-axis Mw -303.4 -351.4 Nm
Table 61
Deviations and Tilting (Inner Ring)
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Rolling bearing [25] Rolling bearing [26]
Displacement of the inner ring in u-direction 33.8 33.8 µm
Displacement of the inner ring in v-direction 2.7 39.1 µm
Displacement of the inner ring in w-direction 2.0 27.3 µm
Tilting of the inner ring around w-axis ww 0.0125 0.00900 °
Tilting of the inner ring around v-axis wv -0.0104 -0.00591 °
Table 62
Bearing Forces and Moments (Outer Ring)
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Rolling bearing [25] Rolling bearing [26]
Bearing reaction force on the outer ring in u-direction Fu 9298.5 -5083.3 N
Bearing reaction force on the outer ring in v-direction Fv -11066.2 14149.0 N
Bearing reaction force on the outer ring in w-direction Fw -6140.7 7714.5 N
Bearing reaction torque on the outer ring around v-axis Mv -179.0 -195.3 Nm
Bearing reaction torque on the outer ring around w-axis Mw 303.4 351.4 Nm
Table 63
Deviations and Tilting (Outer Ring)
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Rolling bearing [25] Rolling bearing [26]
Displacement of the outer ring in u-direction 3.7 -18.9 µm
Displacement of the outer ring in v-direction 0.8 11.4 µm
Displacement of the outer ring in w-direction -0.9 15.6 µm
Tilting of the outer ring around w-axis ww -0.00208 0.00651 °
Tilting of the outer ring around v-axis wv 0.00181 0.00387 °
Table 64
Coupling forces and torques
Sym. Unit
Reaction force of the coupling on side 1 in u-direction N
Reaction force of the coupling on side 1 in v-direction N
Reaction force of the coupling on side 1 in w-direction N
Reaction torque of the coupling on side 1 around u-axis Nm
Reaction torque of the coupling on side 1 around v-axis Nm
Reaction torque of the coupling on side 1 around w-axis Nm
Coupling displacements and torsions
Sym. Unit
Displacement of side 1 in u-direction µm
Displacement of side 1 in v-direction µm
Displacement of side 1 in w-direction µm
Tilting of side 1 around u-axis °
Tilting of side 1 around v-axis °
Tilting of side 1 around w-axis °
3D bending curve
Start Animation
Figure 94
Bending line
Start Animation
Figure 95
Shear force distribution
Start Animation
Figure 96
Bending moment curve
Start Animation
Figure 97
Torque and torsion curve
Start Animation
Figure 98
Axial force / displacement
Start Animation
Figure 99
Shaft Safety Factors acc. to DIN 743 (2012)
Shaft safety against fatigue fracture Shaft safety against plastic deformation Safety against cracking, shaft
Sym. SD SF SA
Unit - - -
Shaft [6] Notch [64] 14.77 42.12 39.21
Notch [65] 30.83 106.71 81.50
Table 65
Shaft safety (DIN743)
Start Animation
Figure 100
Shaft Safety Factors acc. to DIN 743
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Shaft safety against fatigue fracture SD 14.77 30.83 -
Shaft safety against plastic deformation SF 42.12 106.71 -
Safety against cracking, shaft SA 39.21 81.50 -
Table 66
Notch - General Data
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Notch form Shaft shoulder Shaft shoulder -
Type of loading Sigma_mv=Const. Sigma_mv=Const. -
Shaft diameter at notch root d 120.000 120.000 mm
Nominal diameter of shaft da 150.000 150.000 mm
Inner diameter of shaft di 0.000 0.000 mm
Notch depth t 15.000 15.000 mm
Width m - - mm
Notch radius r 5.000 5.000 mm
Bore radius (cross-bore) rL - - mm
Surface roughness R_z Rz 13.0 13.0 µm
Notch reference diameter dBK - - mm
Notch reference roughness height RzB - - µm
Notch material 42CrMo4 [1302] 42CrMo4 [1302] -
Nominal diameter for heat treatment deff - - mm
Table 67
DIN 743 Influence Factors
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Notch form Shaft shoulder Shaft shoulder -
Technological size factor K1 ✖ ✖ -
Technological size factor K1 yield strength K1(deff) 0.67 0.67 -
Technological size factor K1 tensile strength K1(deff) 0.75 0.75 -
Geometric size factor K2, bending K2_(d)b 0.81 0.81 -
Geometric size factor K2, tension K2_(d)zd 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K2, torsion K2_(d)t 0.81 0.81 -
Geometric size factor K3, component, bending K3(d)b 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, component, tension K3(d)zd 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, component, torsion K3(d)t 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, experimental notch, bending K3(d_BK)b 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, experimental notch, tension K3(d_BK)zd 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, experimental notch, torsion K3(d_BK)t 1.00 1.00 -
Surface hardening factor KV, bending/torsion KVbt 1.00 1.00 -
Surface hardening factor KV, tension KVzd 1.00 1.00 -
Surface roughness factor KF, bending KFσ 0.85 0.85 -
Surface roughness factor KF, torsion KFτ 0.91 0.91 -
Table 68
DIN 743 - Loads
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Alternating load axial force, upper value FzdO -2421.50 5083.31 N
Alternating load bending moment, upper value MbO 1754.78 845.17 Nm
Alternation load torsional moment, upper value MtO 1713.82 4.58 Nm
Stress Ratios -
Service factor cB - - -
Stress curve axial force - - -
Amplitude stress curve axial force - - %
Stress ratio R of the axial force RFzd 1.00 1.00 -
Stress curve bending moment - - -
Amplitude stress curve bending moment - - %
Stress ratio R of the bending moment RMb -1.00 -1.00 -
Stress curve torque - - -
Amplitude stress curve torque - - %
Stress ratio R of the torsional moment RMt 0.90 0.90 -
Maximum Load -
Impact factor for maximum load KS 1.35 1.35 -
Maximum force (alternative to impact coefficient) Fzdmax - - N
Maximum bending moment (alternative to impact coefficient) Mbmax - - Nm
Maximum torsional moment (alternative to impact coefficient) Mtmax - - Nm
Loads - Tension -
Maximum stress, tension σzdmax -0.2 0.6 MPa
Mean stress, tension σzdm -0.2 0.4 MPa
Stress amplitude, tension σzda 0.0 0.0 MPa
Loads - bending -
Maximum stress, bending σbmax 14.0 6.7 MPa
Mean stress, bending σbm 0.0 0.0 MPa
Stress amplitude, bending σba 10.3 5.0 MPa
Loads - Torsion -
Maximum stress, torsion τtmax 6.8 0.0 MPa
Mean stress, torsion τtm 4.8 0.0 MPa
Stress amplitude, torsional τta 0.3 0.0 MPa
Table 69
DIN 743 - Stress concentration factor
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Stress concentration factor, bending ασ 2.13 2.13 -
Stress concentration factor, tension ασ 2.35 2.35 -
Stress concentration factor, torsion ατ 1.57 1.57 -
Table 70
DIN 743 - Notch factors
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Calculated notch factor, bending ßσ 2.04 2.04 -
Calculated notch factor, tension ßσ 2.24 2.24 -
Calculated notch factor, torsion ßτ 1.52 1.52 -
Experimental notch factor, bending ßσ 1.00 1.00 -
Experimental notch factor, tension ßσ 1.00 1.00 -
Experimental notch factor, torsion ßτ 1.00 1.00 -
Table 71
DIN 743 - Supporting factors
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Supporting factor, bending nb 1.05 1.05 -
Supporting factor, tension nzd 1.05 1.05 -
Supporting factor, torsion nt 1.03 1.03 -
Static supporting effect K2F, tension K2Fzd 1.00 1.00 -
Static supporting effect K2F, bending K2Fb 1.20 1.20 -
Static supporting effect K2F, torsion K2Ft 1.20 1.20 -
Table 72
DIN 743 - Yield strength
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Technological size factor K1 yield strength K1(deff) 0.67 0.67 -
Component yield strength, tension σFK_z 662.83 662.83 MPa
Component yield strength, bending σFK_b 795.40 795.40 MPa
Component yield strength, torsion σFK_t 417.48 417.48 MPa
Increase factor for yield strength, tension ΥFzd 1.10 1.10 -
Increase factor for yield strength, bending ΥFb 1.10 1.10 -
Increase factor for yield strength, torsion ΥFt 1.00 1.00 -
Table 73
DIN 743 - Fatigue strength
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Component reversed fatigue strength, tension σWK_zd 135.88 135.88 MPa
Component reversed fatigue strength, bending σWK_b 153.66 153.66 MPa
Component reversed fatigue strength, torsion τWK_t 125.73 125.73 MPa
Stress amplitude of the component fatigue strength for a specific mean stress, tension σADK_zd 135.13 135.84 MPa
Stress amplitude of the component fatigue strength for a specific mean stress, bending σADK_b 152.80 153.61 MPa
Stress amplitude of the component fatigue strength for a specific mean stress, torsion τADK_t 125.33 125.71 MPa
Table 74
FKM Guideline (2012) - Safety factors
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Nominal static safety factor of all loads combined SSK_sta_tot - - -
Nominal cyclic safety factor of all loads combined SSK_cyc_tot - - -
Shaft safety (FKM)
Start Animation
FKM Guideline (2012) - Degree of utilizations
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Nominal static degree of utilization of tension-compression force in the u-direction aSK_sta_zd - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of shear force in the v-direction aSK_sta_s,v - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of shear force in the w-direction aSK_sta_s,w - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of bending moment about the v-direction aSK_sta_b,v - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of bending moment about the w-direction aSK_sta_b,w - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of torsional moment in the u-direction aSK_sta_t,u - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of all loads combined aSK_sta_tot - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Stress concentration factors
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Stress concentration factor for nominal normal stress due to tension-compression force in u-direction Kt_zd,u - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal shear stress due to shear force in v-direction Kt_s,v - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal shear stress due to shear force in w-direction Kt_s,w - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal shear stress due to torsional moment in u-direction Kt_t,u - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal normal stress due to bending moment about the v-direction Kt_b,v - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal normal stress due to bending moment about the w-direction Kt_b,w - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Notch factors
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Notch factor for nominal cyclic normal stress due to tension-compression force in the u-direction Kf_zd,u - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the v-direction Kf_s,v - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the w-direction Kf_s,w - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic shear stress due to torsional moment in the u-direction Kf_t,u - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the v-direction Kf_b,v - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the w-direction Kf_b,w - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Notch factors of probes
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic normal stress due to tension-compression force in the u-direction Kf_zd,u(d_p) - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the v-direction Kf_s,v(d_p) - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the w-direction Kf_s,w(d_p) - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic shear stress due to torsional moment in the u-direction Kf_t,u(d_p) - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the v-direction Kf_b,v(d_p) - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the w-direction Kf_b,w(d_p) - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Stress gradients
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Nominal cyclic global normal stress gradient Gσ(d) - - 1/mm
Nominal cyclic global shear stress gradient Gτ(d) - - 1/mm
Nominal cyclic local normal stress gradient Gσ(r) - - 1/mm
Nominal cyclic local shear stress gradient Gτ(r) - - 1/mm
FKM Guideline (2012) - Cyclic stress ratios
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Nominal cyclic normal stress ratio due to tension-compression forces in the u-direction Rσ_N_cyc_zd,u - - -
Nominal cyclic shear stress ratio due to shear force in the v-direction Rτ_N_cyc_s,v - - -
Nominal cyclic shear stress ratio due to shear force in the w-direction Rτ_N_cyc_s,w - - -
Nominal cyclic shear stress ratio due to torsional moment about the u-direction Rτ_N_cyc_t,u - - -
Nominal cyclic normal stress ratio due to bending moment about the v-direction Rσ_N_cyc_b,v - - -
Nominal cyclic normal stress ratio due to bending moment about the w-direction Rσ_N_cyc_b,w - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Yield strengths
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Yield strength of component Rp - - MPa
FKM Guideline (2012) - Tensile strengths
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Tensile strength of component Rm - - MPa
FKM Guideline (2012) - User defined parameters
Sym. Shaft [6] Unit
Notch [64] Notch [65]
Additional safety factor for castings Not necessary Not necessary -
Consequences of damage in case of failure of the component Low Low -
Consider influence of anisotropy ✔ ✔ -
Is polished component ✖ ✖ -
Load safety factor 1.20 1.20 -
Maximum static bending stress on tension side ✔ ✔ -
Miner variant under cyclic load No structural durability calculation No structural durability calculation -
Overloading type under cyclic load Mean stress Mean stress -
Probability of the occurrence of all maxima at the same time Low Low -
Regular inspections under cyclic load Regularly Regularly -
Surface treatment factor KV 1.00 1.00 -
Consequences of damage in case of failure of the component Low Low -
Temperature under static load - - °C
Time of operation at temperature under static load - - h
Use equivalent mean stress under cyclic load ✔ ✔ -
Table 75
Shaft [28]
Shaft schematic
Start Animation
Figure 101
General Shaft Data
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Material 42CrMo4 [1302] -
Length 540.000 mm
Rotational speed n 435.12 1/min
Sense of rotation Clockwise -
Axial coordinate of beginning of shaft 85.000 mm
Material -
Heat treatment Hardened and tempered -
Modulus of elasticity E 210000 N/mm²
Shear modulus 80769.23 N/mm²
Poisson's ratio ν 0.30 -
Density ρ 7.85 kg/dm³
Yield strength or offset yield point 900.00 N/mm²
Tensile strength σB 1100.00 N/mm²
Table 76
Bearing Forces and Moments (Inner Ring)
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Rolling bearing [35] Rolling bearing [36]
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in u-direction Fu 8404.0 -15908.8 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in v-direction Fv 3647.6 -47590.1 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in w-direction Fw 8333.5 21911.8 N
Bearing reaction torque on the inner ring around v-axis Mv -146.9 378.4 Nm
Bearing reaction torque on the inner ring around w-axis Mw 33.4 803.0 Nm
Table 77
Deviations and Tilting (Inner Ring)
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Rolling bearing [35] Rolling bearing [36]
Displacement of the inner ring in u-direction -36.3 -40.0 µm
Displacement of the inner ring in v-direction -10.8 54.7 µm
Displacement of the inner ring in w-direction -5.4 -23.0 µm
Tilting of the inner ring around w-axis ww 0.0219 -0.0156 °
Tilting of the inner ring around v-axis wv 0.0139 -0.0122 °
Table 78
Bearing Forces and Moments (Outer Ring)
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Rolling bearing [35] Rolling bearing [36]
Bearing reaction force on the outer ring in u-direction Fu -8404.0 15908.8 N
Bearing reaction force on the outer ring in v-direction Fv -3647.6 47590.1 N
Bearing reaction force on the outer ring in w-direction Fw -8333.5 -21911.8 N
Bearing reaction torque on the outer ring around v-axis Mv 146.9 -378.4 Nm
Bearing reaction torque on the outer ring around w-axis Mw -33.4 -803.0 Nm
Table 79
Deviations and Tilting (Outer Ring)
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Rolling bearing [35] Rolling bearing [36]
Displacement of the outer ring in u-direction -8.9 18.8 µm
Displacement of the outer ring in v-direction -2.1 11.7 µm
Displacement of the outer ring in w-direction -4.8 -5.3 µm
Tilting of the outer ring around w-axis ww -0.00346 -0.00491 °
Tilting of the outer ring around v-axis wv 0.00474 0.000877 °
Table 80
Coupling forces and torques
Sym. Unit
Reaction force of the coupling on side 1 in u-direction N
Reaction force of the coupling on side 1 in v-direction N
Reaction force of the coupling on side 1 in w-direction N
Reaction torque of the coupling on side 1 around u-axis Nm
Reaction torque of the coupling on side 1 around v-axis Nm
Reaction torque of the coupling on side 1 around w-axis Nm
Coupling displacements and torsions
Sym. Unit
Displacement of side 1 in u-direction µm
Displacement of side 1 in v-direction µm
Displacement of side 1 in w-direction µm
Tilting of side 1 around u-axis °
Tilting of side 1 around v-axis °
Tilting of side 1 around w-axis °
3D bending curve
Start Animation
Figure 102
Bending line
Start Animation
Figure 103
Shear force distribution
Start Animation
Figure 104
Bending moment curve
Start Animation
Figure 105
Torque and torsion curve
Start Animation
Figure 106
Axial force / displacement
Start Animation
Figure 107
Shaft Safety Factors acc. to DIN 743 (2012)
Shaft safety against fatigue fracture Shaft safety against plastic deformation Safety against cracking, shaft
Sym. SD SF SA
Unit - - -
Shaft [28] Feather key connection [57] 21.17 65.75 55.30
Notch [67] 5.74 9.29 13.03
Notch [70] 42.13 627.80 203.34
Notch [71] 3.51 9.11 9.26
Table 81
Shaft safety (DIN743)
Start Animation
Figure 108
Shaft Safety Factors acc. to DIN 743
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Shaft safety against fatigue fracture SD 21.17 5.74 42.13 3.51 -
Shaft safety against plastic deformation SF 65.75 9.29 627.80 9.11 -
Safety against cracking, shaft SA 55.30 13.03 203.34 9.26 -
Table 82
Notch - General Data
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Notch form Feather key connection Involute spline shaft Shaft shoulder Shaft shoulder -
Type of loading Sigma_mv=Const. Sigma_mv=Const. Sigma_mv=Const. Sigma_mv=Const. -
Shaft diameter at notch root d - 89.766 90.000 89.000 mm
Nominal diameter of shaft da 108.000 89.000 108.000 108.000 mm
Inner diameter of shaft di 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 mm
Notch depth t - - 9.000 9.500 mm
Width m - 130.000 - - mm
Notch radius r - - 0.500 6.000 mm
Bore radius (cross-bore) rL - - - - mm
Surface roughness R_z Rz 6.3 5.0 13.0 13.0 µm
Notch reference diameter dBK - - - - mm
Notch reference roughness height RzB - - - - µm
Notch material 42CrMo4 [1302] 42CrMo4 [1302] 42CrMo4 [1302] 42CrMo4 [1302] -
Nominal diameter for heat treatment deff - - - - mm
Table 83
DIN 743 Influence Factors
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Notch form Feather key connection Involute spline shaft Shaft shoulder Shaft shoulder -
Technological size factor K1 ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ -
Technological size factor K1 yield strength K1(deff) 0.72 0.75 0.72 0.72 -
Technological size factor K1 tensile strength K1(deff) 0.78 0.81 0.78 0.78 -
Geometric size factor K2, bending K2_(d)b 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.83 -
Geometric size factor K2, tension K2_(d)zd 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K2, torsion K2_(d)t 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.83 -
Geometric size factor K3, component, bending K3(d)b 0.92 0.99 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, component, tension K3(d)zd 0.92 0.99 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, component, torsion K3(d)t 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, experimental notch, bending K3(d_BK)b 0.95 0.99 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, experimental notch, tension K3(d_BK)zd 0.95 0.99 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K3, experimental notch, torsion K3(d_BK)t 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.00 -
Surface hardening factor KV, bending/torsion KVbt 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Surface hardening factor KV, tension KVzd 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Surface roughness factor KF, bending KFσ 1.00 1.00 0.84 0.84 -
Surface roughness factor KF, torsion KFτ 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.91 -
Table 84
DIN 743 - Loads
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Alternating load axial force, upper value FzdO -10917.81 -15908.80 -8403.98 -15908.80 N
Alternating load bending moment, upper value MbO 704.00 3712.11 159.29 3603.33 Nm
Alternation load torsional moment, upper value MtO 1057.80 3308.23 2.97 3308.23 Nm
Stress Ratios -
Service factor cB 1.00 - - - -
Stress curve axial force Constant - - - -
Amplitude stress curve axial force - - - - %
Stress ratio R of the axial force RFzd 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Stress curve bending moment Alternating - - - -
Amplitude stress curve bending moment - - - - %
Stress ratio R of the bending moment RMb -1.00 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00 -
Stress curve torque Constant - - - -
Amplitude stress curve torque - - - - %
Stress ratio R of the torsional moment RMt 1.00 0.90 0.90 0.90 -
Maximum Load -
Impact factor for maximum load KS 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 -
Maximum force (alternative to impact coefficient) Fzdmax - - - - N
Maximum bending moment (alternative to impact coefficient) Mbmax - - - - Nm
Maximum torsional moment (alternative to impact coefficient) Mtmax - - - - Nm
Loads - Tension -
Maximum stress, tension σzdmax -1.2 -2.5 -1.3 -2.6 MPa
Mean stress, tension σzdm -1.2 -2.5 -1.3 -2.6 MPa
Stress amplitude, tension σzda 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 MPa
Loads - bending -
Maximum stress, bending σbmax 7.7 70.6 3.0 70.3 MPa
Mean stress, bending σbm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 MPa
Stress amplitude, bending σba 5.7 52.3 2.2 52.1 MPa
Loads - Torsion -
Maximum stress, torsion τtmax 5.8 31.4 0.0 32.3 MPa
Mean stress, torsion τtm 4.3 22.1 0.0 22.7 MPa
Stress amplitude, torsional τta 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.2 MPa
Table 85
DIN 743 - Stress concentration factor
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Stress concentration factor, bending ασ 1.00 1.00 4.16 1.83 -
Stress concentration factor, tension ασ 1.00 1.00 4.67 2.00 -
Stress concentration factor, torsion ατ 1.00 1.00 2.57 1.42 -
Table 86
DIN 743 - Notch factors
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Calculated notch factor, bending ßσ 2.93 1.20 3.69 1.77 -
Calculated notch factor, tension ßσ 2.93 1.20 4.14 1.93 -
Calculated notch factor, torsion ßτ 1.71 1.30 2.36 1.38 -
Experimental notch factor, bending ßσ 2.84 1.19 1.00 1.00 -
Experimental notch factor, tension ßσ 2.84 1.19 1.00 1.00 -
Experimental notch factor, torsion ßτ 1.69 1.29 1.00 1.00 -
Table 87
DIN 743 - Supporting factors
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Supporting factor, bending nb 0.00 0.00 1.13 1.04 -
Supporting factor, tension nzd 0.00 0.00 1.13 1.04 -
Supporting factor, torsion nt 0.00 0.00 1.09 1.03 -
Static supporting effect K2F, tension K2Fzd 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Static supporting effect K2F, bending K2Fb 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 -
Static supporting effect K2F, torsion K2Ft 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 -
Table 88
DIN 743 - Yield strength
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Technological size factor K1 yield strength K1(deff) 0.72 0.75 0.72 0.72 -
Component yield strength, tension σFK_z 646.23 671.95 743.17 710.86 MPa
Component yield strength, bending σFK_b 775.48 806.34 891.80 814.25 MPa
Component yield strength, torsion σFK_t 447.72 465.54 447.72 447.72 MPa
Increase factor for yield strength, tension ΥFzd 1.00 1.00 1.15 1.10 -
Increase factor for yield strength, bending ΥFb 1.00 1.00 1.15 1.05 -
Increase factor for yield strength, torsion ΥFt 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Table 89
DIN 743 - Fatigue strength
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Component reversed fatigue strength, tension σWK_zd 117.83 295.93 79.75 163.50 MPa
Component reversed fatigue strength, bending σWK_b 121.06 308.61 93.69 187.63 MPa
Component reversed fatigue strength, torsion τWK_t 124.06 170.13 88.42 147.69 MPa
Stress amplitude of the component fatigue strength for a specific mean stress, tension σADK_zd 117.29 288.27 79.81 159.40 MPa
Stress amplitude of the component fatigue strength for a specific mean stress, bending σADK_b 120.51 300.55 93.76 182.85 MPa
Stress amplitude of the component fatigue strength for a specific mean stress, torsion τADK_t 123.73 167.79 88.42 145.57 MPa
Table 90
FKM Guideline (2012) - Safety factors
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Nominal static safety factor of all loads combined SSK_sta_tot - - - - -
Nominal cyclic safety factor of all loads combined SSK_cyc_tot - - - - -
Shaft safety (FKM)
Start Animation
FKM Guideline (2012) - Degree of utilizations
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Nominal static degree of utilization of tension-compression force in the u-direction aSK_sta_zd - - - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of shear force in the v-direction aSK_sta_s,v - - - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of shear force in the w-direction aSK_sta_s,w - - - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of bending moment about the v-direction aSK_sta_b,v - - - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of bending moment about the w-direction aSK_sta_b,w - - - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of torsional moment in the u-direction aSK_sta_t,u - - - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of all loads combined aSK_sta_tot - - - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Stress concentration factors
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Stress concentration factor for nominal normal stress due to tension-compression force in u-direction Kt_zd,u - - - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal shear stress due to shear force in v-direction Kt_s,v - - - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal shear stress due to shear force in w-direction Kt_s,w - - - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal shear stress due to torsional moment in u-direction Kt_t,u - - - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal normal stress due to bending moment about the v-direction Kt_b,v - - - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal normal stress due to bending moment about the w-direction Kt_b,w - - - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Notch factors
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Notch factor for nominal cyclic normal stress due to tension-compression force in the u-direction Kf_zd,u - - - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the v-direction Kf_s,v - - - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the w-direction Kf_s,w - - - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic shear stress due to torsional moment in the u-direction Kf_t,u - - - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the v-direction Kf_b,v - - - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the w-direction Kf_b,w - - - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Notch factors of probes
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic normal stress due to tension-compression force in the u-direction Kf_zd,u(d_p) - - - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the v-direction Kf_s,v(d_p) - - - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the w-direction Kf_s,w(d_p) - - - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic shear stress due to torsional moment in the u-direction Kf_t,u(d_p) - - - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the v-direction Kf_b,v(d_p) - - - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the w-direction Kf_b,w(d_p) - - - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Stress gradients
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Nominal cyclic global normal stress gradient Gσ(d) - - - - 1/mm
Nominal cyclic global shear stress gradient Gτ(d) - - - - 1/mm
Nominal cyclic local normal stress gradient Gσ(r) - - - - 1/mm
Nominal cyclic local shear stress gradient Gτ(r) - - - - 1/mm
FKM Guideline (2012) - Cyclic stress ratios
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Nominal cyclic normal stress ratio due to tension-compression forces in the u-direction Rσ_N_cyc_zd,u - - - - -
Nominal cyclic shear stress ratio due to shear force in the v-direction Rτ_N_cyc_s,v - - - - -
Nominal cyclic shear stress ratio due to shear force in the w-direction Rτ_N_cyc_s,w - - - - -
Nominal cyclic shear stress ratio due to torsional moment about the u-direction Rτ_N_cyc_t,u - - - - -
Nominal cyclic normal stress ratio due to bending moment about the v-direction Rσ_N_cyc_b,v - - - - -
Nominal cyclic normal stress ratio due to bending moment about the w-direction Rσ_N_cyc_b,w - - - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Yield strengths
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Yield strength of component Rp - - - - MPa
FKM Guideline (2012) - Tensile strengths
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Tensile strength of component Rm - - - - MPa
FKM Guideline (2012) - User defined parameters
Sym. Shaft [28] Unit
Feather key connection [57] Notch [67] Notch [70] Notch [71]
Additional safety factor for castings Not necessary Not necessary Not necessary Not necessary -
Consequences of damage in case of failure of the component Low Low Low Low -
Consider influence of anisotropy ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ -
Is polished component ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ -
Load safety factor 1.30 1.10 1.10 1.10 -
Maximum static bending stress on tension side ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ -
Miner variant under cyclic load No structural durability calculation No structural durability calculation No structural durability calculation No structural durability calculation -
Overloading type under cyclic load Mean stress Mean stress Mean stress Mean stress -
Probability of the occurrence of all maxima at the same time Low Low Low Low -
Regular inspections under cyclic load Regularly Regularly Regularly Regularly -
Surface treatment factor KV 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Consequences of damage in case of failure of the component Low Low Low Low -
Temperature under static load - - - - °C
Time of operation at temperature under static load - - - - h
Use equivalent mean stress under cyclic load ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ -
Table 91
Shaft [38]
Shaft schematic
Start Animation
Figure 109
General Shaft Data
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Material 42CrMo4 [1302] -
Length 416.000 mm
Rotational speed n 106.65 1/min
Sense of rotation Anticlockwise -
Axial coordinate of beginning of shaft 316.000 mm
Material -
Heat treatment Hardened and tempered -
Modulus of elasticity E 210000 N/mm²
Shear modulus 80769.23 N/mm²
Poisson's ratio ν 0.30 -
Density ρ 7.85 kg/dm³
Yield strength or offset yield point 900.00 N/mm²
Tensile strength σB 1100.00 N/mm²
Table 92
Bearing Forces and Moments (Inner Ring)
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Rolling bearing [46] Rolling bearing [47]
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in u-direction Fu -0.0 -0.0 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in v-direction Fv 31080.7 31720.5 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in w-direction Fw -11289.7 -11568.1 N
Bearing reaction torque on the inner ring around v-axis Mv -3.3 -12.8 Nm
Bearing reaction torque on the inner ring around w-axis Mw -3.1 -25.4 Nm
Table 93
Deviations and Tilting (Inner Ring)
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Rolling bearing [46] Rolling bearing [47]
Displacement of the inner ring in u-direction 9.6 9.6 µm
Displacement of the inner ring in v-direction -39.2 -28.4 µm
Displacement of the inner ring in w-direction 14.3 7.3 µm
Tilting of the inner ring around w-axis ww 0.000955 0.00381 °
Tilting of the inner ring around v-axis wv 0.00106 0.00210 °
Table 94
Bearing Forces and Moments (Outer Ring)
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Rolling bearing [46] Rolling bearing [47]
Bearing reaction force on the outer ring in u-direction Fu -0.0 -0.0 N
Bearing reaction force on the outer ring in v-direction Fv -31080.7 -31720.5 N
Bearing reaction force on the outer ring in w-direction Fw 11289.7 11568.1 N
Bearing reaction torque on the outer ring around v-axis Mv 3.3 12.8 Nm
Bearing reaction torque on the outer ring around w-axis Mw 3.1 25.4 Nm
Table 95
Deviations and Tilting (Outer Ring)
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Rolling bearing [46] Rolling bearing [47]
Displacement of the outer ring in u-direction 9.6 9.6 µm
Displacement of the outer ring in v-direction -10.1 -6.2 µm
Displacement of the outer ring in w-direction 3.7 -0.7 µm
Tilting of the outer ring around w-axis ww -0.00172 -0.00456 °
Tilting of the outer ring around v-axis wv -0.00392 -0.00350 °
Table 96
Coupling forces and torques
Sym. Unit
Reaction force of the coupling on side 1 in u-direction N
Reaction force of the coupling on side 1 in v-direction N
Reaction force of the coupling on side 1 in w-direction N
Reaction torque of the coupling on side 1 around u-axis Nm
Reaction torque of the coupling on side 1 around v-axis Nm
Reaction torque of the coupling on side 1 around w-axis Nm
Coupling displacements and torsions
Sym. Unit
Displacement of side 1 in u-direction µm
Displacement of side 1 in v-direction µm
Displacement of side 1 in w-direction µm
Tilting of side 1 around u-axis °
Tilting of side 1 around v-axis °
Tilting of side 1 around w-axis °
3D bending curve
Start Animation
Figure 110
Bending line
Start Animation
Figure 111
Shear force distribution
Start Animation
Figure 112
Bending moment curve
Start Animation
Figure 113
Torque and torsion curve
Start Animation
Figure 114
Axial force / displacement
Start Animation
Figure 115
Shaft Safety Factors acc. to DIN 743 (2012)
Shaft safety against fatigue fracture Shaft safety against plastic deformation Safety against cracking, shaft
Sym. SD SF SA
Unit - - -
Shaft [38] Notch [73] 23.04 100.19 63.67
Notch [74] 11.73 51.01 32.42
Notch [75] 17.26 6.21 9.26
Notch [76] 36.07 4.85 8.44
Cylindrical interference fit [845] 13.56 62.80 37.98
Table 97
Shaft safety (DIN743)
Start Animation
Figure 116
Shaft Safety Factors acc. to DIN 743
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Shaft safety against fatigue fracture SD 23.04 11.73 17.26 36.07 13.56 -
Shaft safety against plastic deformation SF 100.19 51.01 6.21 4.85 62.80 -
Safety against cracking, shaft SA 63.67 32.42 9.26 8.44 37.98 -
Table 98
Notch - General Data
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Notch form Shaft shoulder Shaft shoulder Shaft shoulder Shaft shoulder Transverse interference fit -
Type of loading Sigma_mv=Const. Sigma_mv=Const. Sigma_mv=Const. Sigma_mv=Const. Sigma_mv=Const. -
Shaft diameter at notch root d 120.000 120.000 110.000 100.000 130.000 mm
Nominal diameter of shaft da 130.000 130.000 130.000 110.000 - mm
Inner diameter of shaft di 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 mm
Notch depth t 5.000 5.000 10.000 5.000 - mm
Width m - - - - - mm
Notch radius r 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 - mm
Bore radius (cross-bore) rL - - - - - mm
Surface roughness R_z Rz 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 6.3 µm
Notch reference diameter dBK - - - - - mm
Notch reference roughness height RzB - - - - - µm
Notch material 42CrMo4 [1302] 42CrMo4 [1302] 42CrMo4 [1302] 42CrMo4 [1302] 42CrMo4 [1302] -
Nominal diameter for heat treatment deff - - - - - mm
Table 99
DIN 743 Influence Factors
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Notch form Shaft shoulder Shaft shoulder Shaft shoulder Shaft shoulder Transverse interference fit -
Technological size factor K1 ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ -
Technological size factor K1 yield strength K1(deff) 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.72 0.69 -
Technological size factor K1 tensile strength K1(deff) 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.78 0.76 -
Geometric size factor K2, bending K2_(d)b 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.81 -
Geometric size factor K2, tension K2_(d)zd 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Geometric size factor K2, torsion K2_(d)t 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.81 -
Geometric size factor K3, component, bending K3(d)b 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 -
Geometric size factor K3, component, tension K3(d)zd 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 -
Geometric size factor K3, component, torsion K3(d)t 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 -
Geometric size factor K3, experimental notch, bending K3(d_BK)b 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 -
Geometric size factor K3, experimental notch, tension K3(d_BK)zd 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 -
Geometric size factor K3, experimental notch, torsion K3(d_BK)t 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 -
Surface hardening factor KV, bending/torsion KVbt 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Surface hardening factor KV, tension KVzd 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Surface roughness factor KF, bending KFσ 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.84 1.00 -
Surface roughness factor KF, torsion KFτ 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 1.00 -
Table 100
DIN 743 - Loads
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Alternating load axial force, upper value FzdO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N
Alternating load bending moment, upper value MbO 1029.14 2021.17 849.63 0.00 2087.30 Nm
Alternation load torsional moment, upper value MtO 1.68 1.68 13384.50 13381.81 1.68 Nm
Stress Ratios -
Service factor cB - - - - - -
Stress curve axial force - - - - - -
Amplitude stress curve axial force - - - - - %
Stress ratio R of the axial force RFzd 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Stress curve bending moment - - - - - -
Amplitude stress curve bending moment - - - - - %
Stress ratio R of the bending moment RMb -1.00 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00 -1.00 -
Stress curve torque - - - - - -
Amplitude stress curve torque - - - - - %
Stress ratio R of the torsional moment RMt 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 -
Maximum Load -
Impact factor for maximum load KS 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 -
Maximum force (alternative to impact coefficient) Fzdmax - - - - - N
Maximum bending moment (alternative to impact coefficient) Mbmax - - - - - Nm
Maximum torsional moment (alternative to impact coefficient) Mtmax - - - - - Nm
Loads - Tension -
Maximum stress, tension σzdmax 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 MPa
Mean stress, tension σzdm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 MPa
Stress amplitude, tension σzda 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 MPa
Loads - bending -
Maximum stress, bending σbmax 8.2 16.1 8.8 0.0 13.1 MPa
Mean stress, bending σbm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 MPa
Stress amplitude, bending σba 6.1 11.9 6.5 0.0 9.7 MPa
Loads - Torsion -
Maximum stress, torsion τtmax 0.0 0.0 69.1 92.0 0.0 MPa
Mean stress, torsion τtm 0.0 0.0 48.7 64.7 0.0 MPa
Stress amplitude, torsional τta 0.0 0.0 2.6 3.4 0.0 MPa
Table 101
DIN 743 - Stress concentration factor
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Stress concentration factor, bending ασ 2.46 2.46 2.69 2.40 1.00 -
Stress concentration factor, tension ασ 2.64 2.64 2.96 2.58 1.00 -
Stress concentration factor, torsion ατ 1.68 1.68 1.83 1.66 1.00 -
Table 102
DIN 743 - Notch factors
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Calculated notch factor, bending ßσ 2.30 2.30 2.51 2.25 2.59 -
Calculated notch factor, tension ßσ 2.46 2.46 2.76 2.42 2.59 -
Calculated notch factor, torsion ßτ 1.60 1.60 1.75 1.59 1.66 -
Experimental notch factor, bending ßσ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.50 -
Experimental notch factor, tension ßσ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.50 -
Experimental notch factor, torsion ßτ 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.63 -
Table 103
DIN 743 - Supporting factors
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Supporting factor, bending nb 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 0.00 -
Supporting factor, tension nzd 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 0.00 -
Supporting factor, torsion nt 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.04 0.00 -
Static supporting effect K2F, tension K2Fzd 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Static supporting effect K2F, bending K2Fb 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 -
Static supporting effect K2F, torsion K2Ft 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 -
Table 104
DIN 743 - Yield strength
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Technological size factor K1 yield strength K1(deff) 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.72 0.69 -
Component yield strength, tension σFK_z 683.75 683.75 683.75 708.17 683.75 MPa
Component yield strength, bending σFK_b 820.50 820.50 820.50 849.81 820.50 MPa
Component yield strength, torsion σFK_t 430.65 430.65 430.65 446.03 430.65 MPa
Increase factor for yield strength, tension ΥFzd 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 -
Increase factor for yield strength, bending ΥFb 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 -
Increase factor for yield strength, torsion ΥFt 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Table 105
DIN 743 - Fatigue strength
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Component reversed fatigue strength, tension σWK_zd 127.08 127.08 114.07 132.09 129.71 MPa
Component reversed fatigue strength, bending σWK_b 139.79 139.79 129.67 148.12 131.26 MPa
Component reversed fatigue strength, torsion τWK_t 122.27 122.27 113.31 128.13 123.14 MPa
Stress amplitude of the component fatigue strength for a specific mean stress, tension σADK_zd 127.08 127.08 107.93 122.77 129.71 MPa
Stress amplitude of the component fatigue strength for a specific mean stress, bending σADK_b 139.79 139.79 122.62 137.56 131.26 MPa
Stress amplitude of the component fatigue strength for a specific mean stress, torsion τADK_t 122.27 122.27 109.79 122.92 123.14 MPa
Table 106
FKM Guideline (2012) - Safety factors
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Nominal static safety factor of all loads combined SSK_sta_tot - - - - - -
Nominal cyclic safety factor of all loads combined SSK_cyc_tot - - - - - -
Shaft safety (FKM)
Start Animation
FKM Guideline (2012) - Degree of utilizations
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Nominal static degree of utilization of tension-compression force in the u-direction aSK_sta_zd - - - - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of shear force in the v-direction aSK_sta_s,v - - - - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of shear force in the w-direction aSK_sta_s,w - - - - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of bending moment about the v-direction aSK_sta_b,v - - - - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of bending moment about the w-direction aSK_sta_b,w - - - - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of torsional moment in the u-direction aSK_sta_t,u - - - - - -
Nominal static degree of utilization of all loads combined aSK_sta_tot - - - - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Stress concentration factors
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Stress concentration factor for nominal normal stress due to tension-compression force in u-direction Kt_zd,u - - - - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal shear stress due to shear force in v-direction Kt_s,v - - - - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal shear stress due to shear force in w-direction Kt_s,w - - - - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal shear stress due to torsional moment in u-direction Kt_t,u - - - - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal normal stress due to bending moment about the v-direction Kt_b,v - - - - - -
Stress concentration factor for nominal normal stress due to bending moment about the w-direction Kt_b,w - - - - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Notch factors
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Notch factor for nominal cyclic normal stress due to tension-compression force in the u-direction Kf_zd,u - - - - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the v-direction Kf_s,v - - - - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the w-direction Kf_s,w - - - - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic shear stress due to torsional moment in the u-direction Kf_t,u - - - - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the v-direction Kf_b,v - - - - - -
Notch factor for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the w-direction Kf_b,w - - - - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Notch factors of probes
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic normal stress due to tension-compression force in the u-direction Kf_zd,u(d_p) - - - - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the v-direction Kf_s,v(d_p) - - - - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic shear stress due to shear force in the w-direction Kf_s,w(d_p) - - - - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic shear stress due to torsional moment in the u-direction Kf_t,u(d_p) - - - - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the v-direction Kf_b,v(d_p) - - - - - -
Notch factor of probe for nominal cyclic normal stress due to bending moment about the w-direction Kf_b,w(d_p) - - - - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Stress gradients
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Nominal cyclic global normal stress gradient Gσ(d) - - - - - 1/mm
Nominal cyclic global shear stress gradient Gτ(d) - - - - - 1/mm
Nominal cyclic local normal stress gradient Gσ(r) - - - - - 1/mm
Nominal cyclic local shear stress gradient Gτ(r) - - - - - 1/mm
FKM Guideline (2012) - Cyclic stress ratios
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Nominal cyclic normal stress ratio due to tension-compression forces in the u-direction Rσ_N_cyc_zd,u - - - - - -
Nominal cyclic shear stress ratio due to shear force in the v-direction Rτ_N_cyc_s,v - - - - - -
Nominal cyclic shear stress ratio due to shear force in the w-direction Rτ_N_cyc_s,w - - - - - -
Nominal cyclic shear stress ratio due to torsional moment about the u-direction Rτ_N_cyc_t,u - - - - - -
Nominal cyclic normal stress ratio due to bending moment about the v-direction Rσ_N_cyc_b,v - - - - - -
Nominal cyclic normal stress ratio due to bending moment about the w-direction Rσ_N_cyc_b,w - - - - - -
FKM Guideline (2012) - Yield strengths
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Yield strength of component Rp - - - - - MPa
FKM Guideline (2012) - Tensile strengths
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Tensile strength of component Rm - - - - - MPa
FKM Guideline (2012) - User defined parameters
Sym. Shaft [38] Unit
Notch [73] Notch [74] Notch [75] Notch [76] Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Additional safety factor for castings Not necessary Not necessary Not necessary Not necessary Not necessary -
Consequences of damage in case of failure of the component Low Low Low Low Low -
Consider influence of anisotropy ✔ ✖ ✔ ✔ ✔ -
Is polished component ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ ✖ -
Load safety factor 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.40 -
Maximum static bending stress on tension side ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ -
Miner variant under cyclic load No structural durability calculation No structural durability calculation No structural durability calculation No structural durability calculation No structural durability calculation -
Overloading type under cyclic load Mean stress Mean stress Mean stress Mean stress Mean stress -
Probability of the occurrence of all maxima at the same time Low Low Low Low Low -
Regular inspections under cyclic load Regularly Regularly Regularly Regularly Regularly -
Surface treatment factor KV 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -
Consequences of damage in case of failure of the component Low Low Low Low Low -
Temperature under static load - - - - - °C
Time of operation at temperature under static load - - - - - h
Use equivalent mean stress under cyclic load ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ -
Table 107
Cylindrical interference fit [845]
Stress curve (maximum oversize Ug)
Start Animation
Figure 117
Stress curve (minimum oversize Uk)
Start Animation
General data
Sym. Cylindrical interference fit [845] Unit
Calculation process Torque/axial force given -
Interference U - µm
Standstill joint compression p - N/mm²
Loading torque T 12811.45 Nm
Axial force Fax 0.00 kN
Modify material strength values with size factor K1 K1 ✔ -
Tolerance AT -
Tolerance IT -
Outer diameter DaA 397.570 mm
Joint length lF 130.000 mm
Hub material 18CrNiMo7-6 [971] -
Roughness depth RZ of joining surface IT RzI 6.3 µm
Roughness depth RZ of joining surface AT RzA 6.3 µm
Smoothing factor 0.40 -
Safety against slippage (verification) Sr - -
Ambient temperature ϑR 20.00 °C
Operating temperature ϑB 70.00 °C
Hub joining temperature ϑAzul 50.00 °C
Joining clearance Usϑ 0.0 µm
Rotational speed n 100.00 1/min
Table 108
Material strength values
Modify material strength values with size factor K1 Hub yield strength size factor Shaft yield strength size factor Hub tensile strength size factor Shaft tensile strength size factor Hub yield strength Shaft yield strength Hub tensile strength Shaft tensile strength
Sym. K1 K1(d_eff) K1(d_eff) K1(d_eff) K1(d_eff) Re Re Rm Rm
Unit - - - - - N/mm² N/mm² N/mm² N/mm²
Cylindrical interference fit [845] ✔ 0.60 0.69 - - 510.00 621.59 - -
Table 109
Safety against beginning plasticity shaft
Sym. 1 Unit
Shaft safety against beginning plasticity SeP,I 29.00 --
Shaft safety against beginning plasticity with min. interference SeP,I - --
Shaft safety against beginning plasticity at operating temperature SeP,I,BT 29.00 --
Shaft safety against beginning plasticity at operating temperature with min. interference SeP,I,BT - --
Shaft safety against beginning plasticity at room temperature with centrifugal force SeP,I,RT,FK 29.02 --
Shaft safety against beginning plasticity at room temperature with centrifugal force with min. interference SeP,I,RT,FK - --
Shaft safety against beginning plasticity at operating temperature with centrifugal force SeP,I,BT,FK 29.02 --
Shaft safety against beginning plasticity at operating temperature with centrifugal force with min. interference SeP,I,BT,FK - --
Table 110
Safety against beginning plasticity hub
Sym. 1 Unit
Hub safety against beginning plasticity SeP,A 10.63 --
Hub safety against beginning plasticity with min. interference SeP,A - --
Hub safety against beginning plasticity at operating temperature SeP,A,BT 10.63 --
Hub safety against beginning plasticity at operating temperature with min. interference SeP,A,BT - --
Hub safety against beginning plasticity at room temperature with centrifugal force SeP,A,RT,FK 10.63 --
Hub safety against beginning plasticity at room temperature with centrifugal force with min. interference SeP,A,RT,FK - --
Hub safety against beginning plasticity at operating temperature with min. interference SeP,A,BT - --
Hub safety against beginning plasticity at operating temperature with centrifugal force SeP,A,BT,FK 10.63 --
Table 111
Safety against full plasticity shaft
Sym. 1 Unit
Shaft safety against full plasticity SP,I 29.00 --
Shaft safety against full plasticity with min. interference SP,I - --
Shaft safety against full plasticity at operating temperature SP,I,BT 29.00 --
Shaft safety against full plasticity at operating temperature with min. interference SP,I,BT - --
Table 112
Safety against full plasticity hub
Sym. 1 Unit
Hub safety against full plasticity SP,A 23.79 --
Hub safety against full plasticity with min. interference SP,A - --
Hub safety against full plasticity at operating temperature SP,A,BT 23.79 --
Hub safety against full plasticity at operating temperature with min. interference SP,A,BT - --
Table 113
Geometry results
Sym. 1 Unit
Calculated interference Uber 39.4 µm
Calculated interference with min. interference Uber - µm
Maximum interference Ug - µm
Minimum interference Uk - µm
Relative plasticity diameter (array of all hubs) ζA - --
Relative plasticity diameter with min. interference (array of all hubs) ζA - --
Relative plasticity diameter of the shaft ζI - --
Relative plasticity diameter of the shaft with min. interference ζI - --
Hub plasticity diameter DPA - mm
Hub plasticity diameter with min. interference DPA - mm
Shaft plasticity diameter DPI - mm
Shaft plasticity diameter with min. interference DPI - mm
Table 114
Assembly temperatures
Sym. 1 Unit
Outer part joining temperature ϑAerf 47.52 °C
Outer part joining temperature with min. interference ϑAerf - °C
Outer part joining temperature (Shaft -100) ϑAerf,(-100) -62.16 °C
Outer part joining temperature (Shaft -100) with min. interference ϑAerf,(-100) - °C
Outer part joining temperature (CO2) ϑAerf,(CO2) -40.56 °C
Outer part joining temperature (CO2) with min. interference ϑAerf,(CO2) - °C
Outer part joining temperature (N2) ϑAerf,(N2) -157.96 °C
Outer part joining temperature (N2) with min. interference ϑAerf,(N2) - °C
Outer part joining temperature (Hub temp given) ϑAerf,(AT,vor) 50.00 °C
Outer part joining temperature (Hub temp given) with min. interference ϑAerf,(AT,vor) - °C
Inner part joining temperature ϑIerf 20.00 °C
Inner part joining temperature with min. interference ϑIerf - °C
Inner part joining temperature (Shaft -100) ϑIerf,(-100) -100.00 °C
Inner part joining temperature (Shaft -100) with min. interference ϑIerf,(-100) - °C
Inner part joining temperature (CO2) ϑIerf,(CO2) -78.40 °C
Inner part joining temperature (CO2) with min. interference ϑIerf,(CO2) - °C
Inner part joining temperature (N2) ϑIerf,(N2) -195.80 °C
Inner part joining temperature (N2) with min. interference ϑIerf,(N2) - °C
Inner part joining temperature (Hub temp given) ϑIerf,(AT,vor) 22.48 °C
Inner part joining temperature (Hub temp given) with min. interference ϑIerf,(AT,vor) - °C
Table 115
Safety against sliding
Sym. 1 Unit
Calculated sliding resistance Sr 1.00 --
Calculated sliding resistance with min. interference Sr - --
Calculated sliding resistance at operating temperature Sr,BT 1.00 --
Calculated sliding resistance at operating temperature with min. interference Sr,BT - --
Calculated sliding resistance at room temperature with centrifugal force Sr,RT,FK 1.00 --
Calculated sliding resistance at room temperature with centrifugal force with min. interference Sr,RT,FK - --
Calculated sliding resistance at operating temperature with centrifugal force Sr,BT,FK 1.00 --
Calculated sliding resistance at operating temperature with centrifugal force with min. interference Sr,BT,FK - --
Table 116
Feather key connection [57]
Feather Key - Key Data
Sym. Feather key connection [57] Unit
Number of feather keys i 1 -
Geometry -
Type of feather key connection Acc. to DIN 6885 Sheet 3 - Low Pattern -
Form of feather key Form_AB -
Height of feather key h 10.000 mm
Width of feather key b 28.000 mm
Length of feather key lPF 56.00 mm
Length of draft at feather keys a - mm
Supporting Length -
Supporting length of feather key ltr,vor - mm
Supporting length of feather key, calculated ltr,ber 42.000 mm
Supporting length of the key at the hub l2,tr 42.000 mm
Supporting length of the key at the shaft l1,tr 42.000 mm
Groove Depth -
Depth of shaft groove T1 6.900 mm
Depth of hub groove T2 3.568 mm
Groove Radius -
45° bevel or rounding of the feather key r1 0.80 mm
Groove base radius r2 0.80 mm
Material Data -
Material of feather key 18CrNiMo7-6 [971] -
Feather key material group Case-hardened steel -
Effective feather key heat treatment diameter deff - mm
Feather key yield strength size factor K1(d_eff) - -
Feather key tensile strength size factor K1(d_eff) - -
Feather key yield strength Re 850.00 N/mm²
Feather key tensile strength Rm 1200.00 N/mm²
Table 117
Feather Key - Shaft Data
Sym. Feather key connection [57] Unit
Inner diameter of shaft di 0.000 mm
Nominal diameter of shaft da 108.000 mm
Material Data -
Shaft material group Case-hardened steel -
Shaft yield strength size factor K1(d_eff) - -
Shaft tensile strength size factor K1(d_eff) - -
Shaft yield strength Re 900.00 N/mm²
Shaft tensile strength Rm 1100.00 N/mm²
Table 118
Feather Key - Hub Data
Sym. Feather key connection [57] Unit
Outer diameter d1 D1 300.00 mm
Overall width of hub bN 50.00 mm
Graded Hub -
Large outer diameter with shouldered hub D2 - mm
Width of hub for d1 bND1 - mm
Width of hub for d2 bND2 - mm
Width of hub D2 within ltr c - mm
Material -
Material of hub 18CrNiMo7-6 [971] -
Hub material group Case-hardened steel -
Hub yield strength size factor K1(d_eff) - -
Hub tensile strength size factor K1(d_eff) - -
Hub yield strength Re 850.00 N/mm²
Hub tensile strength Rm 1200.00 N/mm²
Table 119
Feather Key - Interference Fit
Sym. Feather key connection [57] Unit
Interference (Input) -
Measured interference Uvor 10.0 µm
Fitting (Input) -
Fit of shaft p6 -
Fit of hub H7 -
Roughness -
Surface roughness of shaft Rz 5.0 µm
Surface roughness of hub Rz 5.0 µm
Friction Coefficient -
Coefficient of friction μa 0.15 -
Interference (calculated from fitting) -
Min. interference Uk -2.0 µm
Max. interference Ug -59.0 µm
Joint Pressure -
Joint pressure by max. interference pPG 46.54 MPa
Friction Moment -
Min. friction torque MtR,min 0.00 Nm
Friction Connection Factor -
Friction connection factor by eq. torque KR,eq 1.00 -
Friction connection factor by max. torque KR,max 1.00 -
Table 120
Feather Key - Strength Analysis (Method B)
Sym. Feather key connection [57] Unit
Contact Ratio Factor -
Contact ratio factor by eq. torque Kv,aeq 1.00 -
Contact ratio factor by max. torque Kv,max 1.00 -
Equivalent Effective Surface Pressure -
Equivalent effective surface pressure, shaft p1,eq 550.61 MPa
Equivalent effective surface pressure, key p3,eq 550.61 MPa
Equivalent effective surface pressure, hub p2,eq 498.84 MPa
Max. Effective Surface Pressure -
Max. effective surface pressure, shaft p1,max 594.66 MPa
Max. effective surface pressure, hub p2,max 538.74 MPa
Max. effective surface pressure, key p3,max 594.66 MPa
Equivalent Allowable Surface Pressure -
Equivalent allowable surface pressure, shaft p1,eq,zul 900.00 MPa
Equivalent allowable surface pressure, hub p2,eq,zul 850.00 MPa
Equivalent allowable surface pressure, key p3,eq,zul 850.00 MPa
Max. Allowable Surface Pressure -
Max. allowable surface pressure, shaft p1,max,zul 1350.00 MPa
Max. allowable surface pressure, hub p2,max,zul 1275.00 MPa
Max. allowable surface pressure, key p3,max,zul 1275.00 MPa
Safety Against Plasticity by eq. torque -
Shaft safety against plastic deformation at equiv. torque 1.63 -
Hub safety against plastic deformation at equiv. torque 1.70 -
Feather key safety against plastic deformation at equiv. torque 1.54 -
Safety Against Plasticity by max. torque -
Shaft safety against plastic deformation at max. peak torque 2.27 -
Hub Safety against plastic deformation at max. peak torque 2.37 -
Feather key safety against plastic deformation at max. peak torque 2.14 -
Table 121
Feather Key - Strength Analysis (Method C)
Sym. Feather key connection [57] Unit
Surface Pressure According to Method C -
Allowable surface pressure (method C) pzul 765.00 MPa
Safety Factor According to Method C -
Safety M_tzul/M_teq (method C) SF1 1.36 -
Safety M_tmaxzul/M_tmax (method C) SF2 1.89 -
Table 122
Feather Key - Notch Effect According to Forbrig
Sym. Feather key connection [57] Unit
Stress ratio tau sigma tm/s_ba 2.25 -
Rotational bending moment Mb 704.00 Nm
Distance between the hub face and the and the prismatic section of the feather key a1 2.00 mm
Equivalent Mean Stress -
Von Mises mean stress sigmamv 93.08 MPa
Notch Factor -
Fatigue notch factor for min. interference (state of research) betaFK,dBK 0.00 -
Fatigue notch factor for max. interference (state of research) betaFG,dBK 0.00 -
Table 123
Rolling bearing [21]
Rolling bearing 3D image
Start Animation
Figure 118
Forces on rolling elements
Start Animation
Figure 119
Bearing data
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Bearing row [1311]
Catalogue name 32014 X -
Manufacturer SKF -
Bearing type Tapered roller bearing -
Weight 0.86 kg
Geometry -
Bearing inner diameter d 70.000 mm
Bearing outside diameter D 110.000 mm
Bearing width B 25.000 mm
Pressure angle α 16.00 °
Load factors -
Dynamic radial load rating CR 125000 N
Static radial load rating C0R 153000 N
Dynamic axial load rating CA - N
Static axial load rating C0A - N
SKF Explorer ✔ -
X-life ✔ -
Catalog factors -
Boundary value e (manufacturer catalogue) e 0.43 -
Radial load factor X1 (manufacturer catalogue) X1 1.00 -
Radial load factor X2 (manufacturer catalogue) X2 0.40 -
Axial load factor Y1 (manufacturer catalog) Y1 0.00 -
Axial load factor Y2 (manufacturer catalog) Y2 1.40 -
Axial factor Y0 0.80 -
Rotational speeds -
Speed limit nlimit 5600.0 1/min
Reference speed nref 4500.0 1/min
Bearing loads -
Rotational speed n 1400.0 U/min
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in u-direction Fu 8410.9 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in v-direction Fv 19548.9 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in w-direction Fw 17517.4 N
Equivalent dynamic bearing load (ISO 281 2007) Peq 26249 N
Lubrication conditions -
Operating temperature T 80.00 °C
Life adjustment factor for operating conditions (ISO 281 2007) aISO 2.44 -
Contamination coefficient ec ec 0.50 -
Viscosity ratio κ 3.53 -
Life time factors -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Life adjustment factor (SKF catalog 2018) askf 4.53 -
Factor for operating conditions (DEA) aDEA - -
Table 124
Inner geometry
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Bearing row [1311]
Number of bearing rows i 1 -
Number of rolling elements z 21 -
Distance between the bearing rows dR - mm
Diameter of rolling element dw 10.485 mm
Effective length of rolling body Lwe 18.623 mm
Radius of raceway at inner ring Ri - mm
Radius of raceway at outer ring Ra - mm
Table 125
Operating clearance
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Bearing row [1311]
Bearing operating clearance 0.000 mm
Determination of bearing operating clearance - -
Bearing clearance -
Bearing clearance class User input -
Temperature difference between the inner and outer ring ΔTIR,OR - K
Bearing tolerance -
Bearing tolerance class - -
Minimum outer bearing diameter DB,min - mm
Maximum bearing outer diameter DB,max - mm
Minimum bearing inner diameter dB_min - mm
Maximum bearing inner diameter dB_max - mm
Shaft tolerance -
Shaft tolerance class -
Minimum shaft diameter dmin - mm
Maximum shaft diameter dmax - mm
Average roughness height of the shaft Rz - µm
Bore tolerance -
Tolerance class of bore -
Minimum casing bore diameter DH,min - mm
Maximum casing bore diameter DH,max - mm
Average roughness height of the bore Rz - µm
Table 126
Relative Forces and Deviations (Inner Ring to Outer Ring)
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Radial force in x-direction Frx -19548.86 N
Radial force in y-direction Fry -17517.36 N
Axial force in z-direction Fa -8410.89 N
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in y-direction δy -25.9 µm
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in x-direction δx -30.3 µm
Rel. axial displacement inner ring in z-direction δz 67.7 µm
Tilting moment around x-axis Mx 241.49 Nm
Tilting moment around y-axis My -268.42 Nm
Rel. tilting inner ring around x-axis wγ 0.42 mrad
Rel. tilting inner ring around y-axis wβ -0.38 mrad
Table 127
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 1
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 1
Start Animation
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 2
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 2
Start Animation
Life time ISO 281
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10 182 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10h 2163 h
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnm 443 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh 5272 h
Table 128
Life time ISO 281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh - h
Life time DIN 26281
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Life time DIN 26281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Life time INA/FAG
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time INA/FAG - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time SKF catalogue
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10 182 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10h 2163 h
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm 822 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh 9787 h
Table 129
Life time SKF catalogue - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4)
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4) load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified lifetime with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time DEA
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
Life time DEA - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
SKF calculation service - ISO/TS 16281
Sym. Rolling bearing [21] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Viscosity ratio (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) κ - -
Contamination coefficient (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) eC - -
Dynamic equivalent reference load (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Pref - N
Lubricant with proven EP-Additives ✖ -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Radial bearing operating clearance srad 0.0 µm
Axial bearing operating clearance sax 0.0 µm
Table 130
Rolling bearing [22]
Rolling bearing 3D image
Start Animation
Figure 120
Forces on rolling elements
Start Animation
Figure 121
Bearing data
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Bearing row [1312]
Catalogue name 32013 X -
Manufacturer SKF -
Bearing type Tapered roller bearing -
Weight 0.63 kg
Geometry -
Bearing inner diameter d 65.000 mm
Bearing outside diameter D 100.000 mm
Bearing width B 23.000 mm
Pressure angle α 17.05 °
Load factors -
Dynamic radial load rating CR 103000 N
Static radial load rating C0R 127000 N
Dynamic axial load rating CA - N
Static axial load rating C0A - N
SKF Explorer ✔ -
X-life ✔ -
Catalog factors -
Boundary value e (manufacturer catalogue) e 0.46 -
Radial load factor X1 (manufacturer catalogue) X1 1.00 -
Radial load factor X2 (manufacturer catalogue) X2 0.40 -
Axial load factor Y1 (manufacturer catalog) Y1 0.00 -
Axial load factor Y2 (manufacturer catalog) Y2 1.30 -
Axial factor Y0 0.70 -
Rotational speeds -
Speed limit nlimit 6000.0 1/min
Reference speed nref 5000.0 1/min
Bearing loads -
Rotational speed n 1400.0 U/min
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in u-direction Fu -14224.7 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in v-direction Fv -3772.9 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in w-direction Fw -5797.3 N
Equivalent dynamic bearing load (ISO 281 2007) Peq 21259 N
Lubrication conditions -
Operating temperature T 80.00 °C
Life adjustment factor for operating conditions (ISO 281 2007) aISO 2.36 -
Contamination coefficient ec ec 0.50 -
Viscosity ratio κ 3.38 -
Life time factors -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Life adjustment factor (SKF catalog 2018) askf 4.49 -
Factor for operating conditions (DEA) aDEA - -
Table 131
Inner geometry
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Bearing row [1312]
Number of bearing rows i 1 -
Number of rolling elements z 21 -
Distance between the bearing rows dR - mm
Diameter of rolling element dw 9.481 mm
Effective length of rolling body Lwe 17.037 mm
Radius of raceway at inner ring Ri - mm
Radius of raceway at outer ring Ra - mm
Table 132
Operating clearance
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Bearing row [1312]
Bearing operating clearance 0.000 mm
Determination of bearing operating clearance - -
Bearing clearance -
Bearing clearance class User input -
Temperature difference between the inner and outer ring ΔTIR,OR - K
Bearing tolerance -
Bearing tolerance class - -
Minimum outer bearing diameter DB,min - mm
Maximum bearing outer diameter DB,max - mm
Minimum bearing inner diameter dB_min - mm
Maximum bearing inner diameter dB_max - mm
Shaft tolerance -
Shaft tolerance class -
Minimum shaft diameter dmin - mm
Maximum shaft diameter dmax - mm
Average roughness height of the shaft Rz - µm
Bore tolerance -
Tolerance class of bore -
Minimum casing bore diameter DH,min - mm
Maximum casing bore diameter DH,max - mm
Average roughness height of the bore Rz - µm
Table 133
Relative Forces and Deviations (Inner Ring to Outer Ring)
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Radial force in x-direction Frx 3772.90 N
Radial force in y-direction Fry 5797.32 N
Axial force in z-direction Fa 14224.67 N
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in y-direction δy -0.7 µm
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in x-direction δx -2.7 µm
Rel. axial displacement inner ring in z-direction δz 43.4 µm
Tilting moment around x-axis Mx 84.54 Nm
Tilting moment around y-axis My -63.53 Nm
Rel. tilting inner ring around x-axis wγ 0.24 mrad
Rel. tilting inner ring around y-axis wβ -0.33 mrad
Table 134
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 1
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 1
Start Animation
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 2
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 2
Start Animation
Life time ISO 281
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10 192 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10h 2291 h
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnm 455 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh 5417 h
Table 135
Life time ISO 281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh - h
Life time DIN 26281
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Life time DIN 26281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Life time INA/FAG
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time INA/FAG - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time SKF catalogue
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10 192 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10h 2291 h
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm 865 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh 10293 h
Table 136
Life time SKF catalogue - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4)
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4) load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified lifetime with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time DEA
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
Life time DEA - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
SKF calculation service - ISO/TS 16281
Sym. Rolling bearing [22] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Viscosity ratio (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) κ - -
Contamination coefficient (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) eC - -
Dynamic equivalent reference load (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Pref - N
Lubricant with proven EP-Additives ✖ -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Radial bearing operating clearance srad 0.0 µm
Axial bearing operating clearance sax 0.0 µm
Table 137
Rolling bearing [25]
Rolling bearing 3D image
Start Animation
Figure 122
Forces on rolling elements
Start Animation
Figure 123
Bearing data
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Bearing row [1313]
Catalogue name 32224 -
Manufacturer SKF -
Bearing type Tapered roller bearing -
Weight 9.05 kg
Geometry -
Bearing inner diameter d 120.000 mm
Bearing outside diameter D 215.000 mm
Bearing width B 61.500 mm
Pressure angle α 16.00 °
Load factors -
Dynamic radial load rating CR 573000 N
Static radial load rating C0R 695000 N
Dynamic axial load rating CA - N
Static axial load rating C0A - N
SKF Explorer ✔ -
X-life ✔ -
Catalog factors -
Boundary value e (manufacturer catalogue) e 0.43 -
Radial load factor X1 (manufacturer catalogue) X1 1.00 -
Radial load factor X2 (manufacturer catalogue) X2 0.40 -
Axial load factor Y1 (manufacturer catalog) Y1 0.00 -
Axial load factor Y2 (manufacturer catalog) Y2 1.40 -
Axial factor Y0 0.80 -
Rotational speeds -
Speed limit nlimit 3000.0 1/min
Reference speed nref 2400.0 1/min
Bearing loads -
Rotational speed n 848.5 U/min
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in u-direction Fu -9298.5 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in v-direction Fv 11066.2 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in w-direction Fw 6140.7 N
Equivalent dynamic bearing load (ISO 281 2007) Peq 17987 N
Lubrication conditions -
Operating temperature T 80.00 °C
Life adjustment factor for operating conditions (ISO 281 2007) aISO 50.00 -
Contamination coefficient ec ec 0.50 -
Viscosity ratio κ 3.47 -
Life time factors -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Life adjustment factor (SKF catalog 2018) askf 50.00 -
Factor for operating conditions (DEA) aDEA - -
Table 138
Inner geometry
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Bearing row [1313]
Number of bearing rows i 1 -
Number of rolling elements z 16 -
Distance between the bearing rows dR - mm
Diameter of rolling element dw 26.494 mm
Effective length of rolling body Lwe 45.828 mm
Radius of raceway at inner ring Ri - mm
Radius of raceway at outer ring Ra - mm
Table 139
Operating clearance
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Bearing row [1313]
Bearing operating clearance 0.000 mm
Determination of bearing operating clearance - -
Bearing clearance -
Bearing clearance class User input -
Temperature difference between the inner and outer ring ΔTIR,OR - K
Bearing tolerance -
Bearing tolerance class - -
Minimum outer bearing diameter DB,min - mm
Maximum bearing outer diameter DB,max - mm
Minimum bearing inner diameter dB_min - mm
Maximum bearing inner diameter dB_max - mm
Shaft tolerance -
Shaft tolerance class -
Minimum shaft diameter dmin - mm
Maximum shaft diameter dmax - mm
Average roughness height of the shaft Rz - µm
Bore tolerance -
Tolerance class of bore -
Minimum casing bore diameter DH,min - mm
Maximum casing bore diameter DH,max - mm
Average roughness height of the bore Rz - µm
Table 140
Relative Forces and Deviations (Inner Ring to Outer Ring)
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Radial force in x-direction Frx -11066.16 N
Radial force in y-direction Fry -6140.68 N
Axial force in z-direction Fa 9298.54 N
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in y-direction δy 2.8 µm
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in x-direction δx 1.9 µm
Rel. axial displacement inner ring in z-direction δz 30.1 µm
Tilting moment around x-axis Mx -179.00 Nm
Tilting moment around y-axis My 303.42 Nm
Rel. tilting inner ring around x-axis wγ -0.21 mrad
Rel. tilting inner ring around y-axis wβ 0.25 mrad
Table 141
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 1
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 1
Start Animation
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 2
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 2
Start Animation
Life time ISO 281
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10 102478 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10h 2012963 h
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnm 5123906 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh 100648148 h
Table 142
Life time ISO 281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh - h
Life time DIN 26281
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Life time DIN 26281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Life time INA/FAG
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time INA/FAG - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time SKF catalogue
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10 100732 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10h 1978661 h
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm 5036592 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh 98933057 h
Table 143
Life time SKF catalogue - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4)
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4) load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified lifetime with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time DEA
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
Life time DEA - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
SKF calculation service - ISO/TS 16281
Sym. Rolling bearing [25] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Viscosity ratio (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) κ - -
Contamination coefficient (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) eC - -
Dynamic equivalent reference load (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Pref - N
Lubricant with proven EP-Additives ✖ -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Radial bearing operating clearance srad 0.0 µm
Axial bearing operating clearance sax 0.0 µm
Table 144
Rolling bearing [26]
Rolling bearing 3D image
Start Animation
Figure 124
Forces on rolling elements
Start Animation
Figure 125
Bearing data
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Bearing row [1314]
Catalogue name 32224 -
Manufacturer SKF -
Bearing type Tapered roller bearing -
Weight 9.05 kg
Geometry -
Bearing inner diameter d 120.000 mm
Bearing outside diameter D 215.000 mm
Bearing width B 61.500 mm
Pressure angle α 16.00 °
Load factors -
Dynamic radial load rating CR 573000 N
Static radial load rating C0R 695000 N
Dynamic axial load rating CA - N
Static axial load rating C0A - N
SKF Explorer ✔ -
X-life ✔ -
Catalog factors -
Boundary value e (manufacturer catalogue) e 0.43 -
Radial load factor X1 (manufacturer catalogue) X1 1.00 -
Radial load factor X2 (manufacturer catalogue) X2 0.40 -
Axial load factor Y1 (manufacturer catalog) Y1 0.00 -
Axial load factor Y2 (manufacturer catalog) Y2 1.40 -
Axial factor Y0 0.80 -
Rotational speeds -
Speed limit nlimit 3000.0 1/min
Reference speed nref 2400.0 1/min
Bearing loads -
Rotational speed n 848.5 U/min
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in u-direction Fu 5083.3 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in v-direction Fv -14149.0 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in w-direction Fw -7714.5 N
Equivalent dynamic bearing load (ISO 281 2007) Peq 16115 N
Lubrication conditions -
Operating temperature T 80.00 °C
Life adjustment factor for operating conditions (ISO 281 2007) aISO 50.00 -
Contamination coefficient ec ec 0.50 -
Viscosity ratio κ 3.47 -
Life time factors -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Life adjustment factor (SKF catalog 2018) askf 50.00 -
Factor for operating conditions (DEA) aDEA - -
Table 145
Inner geometry
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Bearing row [1314]
Number of bearing rows i 1 -
Number of rolling elements z 16 -
Distance between the bearing rows dR - mm
Diameter of rolling element dw 26.494 mm
Effective length of rolling body Lwe 45.828 mm
Radius of raceway at inner ring Ri - mm
Radius of raceway at outer ring Ra - mm
Table 146
Operating clearance
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Bearing row [1314]
Bearing operating clearance 0.000 mm
Determination of bearing operating clearance - -
Bearing clearance -
Bearing clearance class User input -
Temperature difference between the inner and outer ring ΔTIR,OR - K
Bearing tolerance -
Bearing tolerance class - -
Minimum outer bearing diameter DB,min - mm
Maximum bearing outer diameter DB,max - mm
Minimum bearing inner diameter dB_min - mm
Maximum bearing inner diameter dB_max - mm
Shaft tolerance -
Shaft tolerance class -
Minimum shaft diameter dmin - mm
Maximum shaft diameter dmax - mm
Average roughness height of the shaft Rz - µm
Bore tolerance -
Tolerance class of bore -
Minimum casing bore diameter DH,min - mm
Maximum casing bore diameter DH,max - mm
Average roughness height of the bore Rz - µm
Table 147
Relative Forces and Deviations (Inner Ring to Outer Ring)
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Radial force in x-direction Frx 14148.98 N
Radial force in y-direction Fry 7714.49 N
Axial force in z-direction Fa -5083.31 N
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in y-direction δy 11.8 µm
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in x-direction δx 27.7 µm
Rel. axial displacement inner ring in z-direction δz 52.7 µm
Tilting moment around x-axis Mx -195.34 Nm
Tilting moment around y-axis My 351.35 Nm
Rel. tilting inner ring around x-axis wγ -0.17 mrad
Rel. tilting inner ring around y-axis wβ 0.04 mrad
Table 148
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 1
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 1
Start Animation
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 2
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 2
Start Animation
Life time ISO 281
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10 147812 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10h 2903449 h
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnm 7390598 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh 145172451 h
Table 149
Life time ISO 281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh - h
Life time DIN 26281
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Life time DIN 26281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Life time INA/FAG
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time INA/FAG - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time SKF catalogue
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10 147812 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10h 2903449 h
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm 7390598 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh 145172451 h
Table 150
Life time SKF catalogue - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4)
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4) load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified lifetime with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time DEA
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
Life time DEA - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
SKF calculation service - ISO/TS 16281
Sym. Rolling bearing [26] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Viscosity ratio (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) κ - -
Contamination coefficient (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) eC - -
Dynamic equivalent reference load (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Pref - N
Lubricant with proven EP-Additives ✖ -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Radial bearing operating clearance srad 0.0 µm
Axial bearing operating clearance sax 0.0 µm
Table 151
Rolling bearing [35]
Rolling bearing 3D image
Start Animation
Figure 126
Forces on rolling elements
Start Animation
Figure 127
Bearing data
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Bearing row [1315]
Catalogue name 32018 X -
Manufacturer SKF -
Bearing type Tapered roller bearing -
Weight 1.76 kg
Geometry -
Bearing inner diameter d 90.000 mm
Bearing outside diameter D 140.000 mm
Bearing width B 32.000 mm
Pressure angle α 16.00 °
Load factors -
Dynamic radial load rating CR 208000 N
Static radial load rating C0R 270000 N
Dynamic axial load rating CA - N
Static axial load rating C0A - N
SKF Explorer ✔ -
X-life ✔ -
Catalog factors -
Boundary value e (manufacturer catalogue) e 0.43 -
Radial load factor X1 (manufacturer catalogue) X1 1.00 -
Radial load factor X2 (manufacturer catalogue) X2 0.40 -
Axial load factor Y1 (manufacturer catalog) Y1 0.00 -
Axial load factor Y2 (manufacturer catalog) Y2 1.40 -
Axial factor Y0 0.80 -
Rotational speeds -
Speed limit nlimit 4300.0 1/min
Reference speed nref 3600.0 1/min
Bearing loads -
Rotational speed n 435.1 U/min
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in u-direction Fu 8404.0 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in v-direction Fv 3647.6 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in w-direction Fw 8333.5 N
Equivalent dynamic bearing load (ISO 281 2007) Peq 15320 N
Lubrication conditions -
Operating temperature T 80.00 °C
Life adjustment factor for operating conditions (ISO 281 2007) aISO 10.34 -
Contamination coefficient ec ec 0.50 -
Viscosity ratio κ 1.65 -
Life time factors -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Life adjustment factor (SKF catalog 2018) askf 33.57 -
Factor for operating conditions (DEA) aDEA - -
Table 152
Inner geometry
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Bearing row [1315]
Number of bearing rows i 1 -
Number of rolling elements z 23 -
Distance between the bearing rows dR - mm
Diameter of rolling element dw 13.315 mm
Effective length of rolling body Lwe 23.665 mm
Radius of raceway at inner ring Ri - mm
Radius of raceway at outer ring Ra - mm
Table 153
Operating clearance
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Bearing row [1315]
Bearing operating clearance 0.000 mm
Determination of bearing operating clearance - -
Bearing clearance -
Bearing clearance class User input -
Temperature difference between the inner and outer ring ΔTIR,OR - K
Bearing tolerance -
Bearing tolerance class - -
Minimum outer bearing diameter DB,min - mm
Maximum bearing outer diameter DB,max - mm
Minimum bearing inner diameter dB_min - mm
Maximum bearing inner diameter dB_max - mm
Shaft tolerance -
Shaft tolerance class -
Minimum shaft diameter dmin - mm
Maximum shaft diameter dmax - mm
Average roughness height of the shaft Rz - µm
Bore tolerance -
Tolerance class of bore -
Minimum casing bore diameter DH,min - mm
Maximum casing bore diameter DH,max - mm
Average roughness height of the bore Rz - µm
Table 154
Relative Forces and Deviations (Inner Ring to Outer Ring)
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Radial force in x-direction Frx -3647.61 N
Radial force in y-direction Fry -8333.55 N
Axial force in z-direction Fa -8403.98 N
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in y-direction δy -0.5 µm
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in x-direction δx -8.7 µm
Rel. axial displacement inner ring in z-direction δz -27.4 µm
Tilting moment around x-axis Mx 146.90 Nm
Tilting moment around y-axis My -33.44 Nm
Rel. tilting inner ring around x-axis wγ 0.16 mrad
Rel. tilting inner ring around y-axis wβ 0.44 mrad
Table 155
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 1
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 1
Start Animation
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 2
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 2
Start Animation
Life time ISO 281
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10 5970 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10h 228680 h
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnm 61761 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh 2365681 h
Table 156
Life time ISO 281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh - h
Life time DIN 26281
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Life time DIN 26281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Life time INA/FAG
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time INA/FAG - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time SKF catalogue
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10 5862 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10h 224548 h
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm 196790 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh 7537768 h
Table 157
Life time SKF catalogue - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4)
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4) load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified lifetime with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time DEA
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
Life time DEA - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
SKF calculation service - ISO/TS 16281
Sym. Rolling bearing [35] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Viscosity ratio (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) κ - -
Contamination coefficient (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) eC - -
Dynamic equivalent reference load (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Pref - N
Lubricant with proven EP-Additives ✖ -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Radial bearing operating clearance srad 0.0 µm
Axial bearing operating clearance sax 0.0 µm
Table 158
Rolling bearing [36]
Rolling bearing 3D image
Start Animation
Figure 128
Forces on rolling elements
Start Animation
Figure 129
Bearing data
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Bearing row [1316]
Catalogue name 33118 -
Manufacturer SKF -
Bearing type Tapered roller bearing -
Weight 3.11 kg
Geometry -
Bearing inner diameter d 90.000 mm
Bearing outside diameter D 150.000 mm
Bearing width B 45.000 mm
Pressure angle α 14.93 °
Load factors -
Dynamic radial load rating CR 310000 N
Static radial load rating C0R 390000 N
Dynamic axial load rating CA - N
Static axial load rating C0A - N
SKF Explorer ✔ -
X-life ✔ -
Catalog factors -
Boundary value e (manufacturer catalogue) e 0.40 -
Radial load factor X1 (manufacturer catalogue) X1 1.00 -
Radial load factor X2 (manufacturer catalogue) X2 0.40 -
Axial load factor Y1 (manufacturer catalog) Y1 0.00 -
Axial load factor Y2 (manufacturer catalog) Y2 1.50 -
Axial factor Y0 0.80 -
Rotational speeds -
Speed limit nlimit 4300.0 1/min
Reference speed nref 3400.0 1/min
Bearing loads -
Rotational speed n 435.1 U/min
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in u-direction Fu -15908.8 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in v-direction Fv -47590.1 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in w-direction Fw 21911.8 N
Equivalent dynamic bearing load (ISO 281 2007) Peq 52392 N
Lubrication conditions -
Operating temperature T 80.00 °C
Life adjustment factor for operating conditions (ISO 281 2007) aISO 1.98 -
Contamination coefficient ec ec 0.50 -
Viscosity ratio κ 1.69 -
Life time factors -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Life adjustment factor (SKF catalog 2018) askf 4.07 -
Factor for operating conditions (DEA) aDEA - -
Table 159
Inner geometry
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Bearing row [1316]
Number of bearing rows i 1 -
Number of rolling elements z 19 -
Distance between the bearing rows dR - mm
Diameter of rolling element dw 16.715 mm
Effective length of rolling body Lwe 33.551 mm
Radius of raceway at inner ring Ri - mm
Radius of raceway at outer ring Ra - mm
Table 160
Operating clearance
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Bearing row [1316]
Bearing operating clearance 0.000 mm
Determination of bearing operating clearance - -
Bearing clearance -
Bearing clearance class User input -
Temperature difference between the inner and outer ring ΔTIR,OR - K
Bearing tolerance -
Bearing tolerance class - -
Minimum outer bearing diameter DB,min - mm
Maximum bearing outer diameter DB,max - mm
Minimum bearing inner diameter dB_min - mm
Maximum bearing inner diameter dB_max - mm
Shaft tolerance -
Shaft tolerance class -
Minimum shaft diameter dmin - mm
Maximum shaft diameter dmax - mm
Average roughness height of the shaft Rz - µm
Bore tolerance -
Tolerance class of bore -
Minimum casing bore diameter DH,min - mm
Maximum casing bore diameter DH,max - mm
Average roughness height of the bore Rz - µm
Table 161
Relative Forces and Deviations (Inner Ring to Outer Ring)
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Radial force in x-direction Frx 47590.07 N
Radial force in y-direction Fry -21911.79 N
Axial force in z-direction Fa 15908.80 N
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in y-direction δy -17.7 µm
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in x-direction δx 43.1 µm
Rel. axial displacement inner ring in z-direction δz -58.8 µm
Tilting moment around x-axis Mx -378.42 Nm
Tilting moment around y-axis My -803.05 Nm
Rel. tilting inner ring around x-axis wγ -0.23 mrad
Rel. tilting inner ring around y-axis wβ -0.19 mrad
Table 162
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 1
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 1
Start Animation
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 2
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 2
Start Animation
Life time ISO 281
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10 375 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10h 14351 h
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnm 743 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh 28469 h
Table 163
Life time ISO 281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh - h
Life time DIN 26281
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Life time DIN 26281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Life time INA/FAG
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time INA/FAG - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time SKF catalogue
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10 375 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10h 14351 h
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm 1524 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh 58392 h
Table 164
Life time SKF catalogue - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4)
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4) load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified lifetime with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time DEA
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
Life time DEA - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
SKF calculation service - ISO/TS 16281
Sym. Rolling bearing [36] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Viscosity ratio (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) κ - -
Contamination coefficient (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) eC - -
Dynamic equivalent reference load (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Pref - N
Lubricant with proven EP-Additives ✖ -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Radial bearing operating clearance srad 0.0 µm
Axial bearing operating clearance sax 0.0 µm
Table 165
Rolling bearing [46]
Rolling bearing 3D image
Start Animation
Figure 130
Forces on rolling elements
Start Animation
Figure 131
Bearing data
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Bearing row [1317]
Catalogue name NU 1026 M -
Manufacturer SKF -
Bearing type Cylindrical roller bearing -
Weight 3.80 kg
Geometry -
Bearing inner diameter d 130.000 mm
Bearing outside diameter D 200.000 mm
Bearing width B 33.000 mm
Pressure angle α 0.00 °
Load factors -
Dynamic radial load rating CR 165000 N
Static radial load rating C0R 224000 N
Dynamic axial load rating CA - N
Static axial load rating C0A - N
SKF Explorer ✖ -
X-life ✖ -
Catalog factors -
Boundary value e (manufacturer catalogue) e - -
Radial load factor X1 (manufacturer catalogue) X1 - -
Radial load factor X2 (manufacturer catalogue) X2 - -
Axial load factor Y1 (manufacturer catalog) Y1 - -
Axial load factor Y2 (manufacturer catalog) Y2 - -
Axial factor Y0 0.00 -
Rotational speeds -
Speed limit nlimit 3800.0 1/min
Reference speed nref 3800.0 1/min
Bearing loads -
Rotational speed n 106.6 U/min
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in u-direction Fu -0.0 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in v-direction Fv 31080.7 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in w-direction Fw -11289.7 N
Equivalent dynamic bearing load (ISO 281 2007) Peq 33068 N
Lubrication conditions -
Operating temperature T 80.00 °C
Life adjustment factor for operating conditions (ISO 281 2007) aISO 0.48 -
Contamination coefficient ec ec 0.50 -
Viscosity ratio κ 0.62 -
Life time factors -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Life adjustment factor (SKF catalog 2018) askf 0.63 -
Factor for operating conditions (DEA) aDEA - -
Table 166
Inner geometry
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Bearing row [1317]
Number of bearing rows i 1 -
Number of rolling elements z 15 -
Distance between the bearing rows dR - mm
Diameter of rolling element dw 16.585 mm
Effective length of rolling body Lwe 22.968 mm
Radius of raceway at inner ring Ri - mm
Radius of raceway at outer ring Ra - mm
Table 167
Operating clearance
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Bearing row [1317]
Bearing operating clearance 0.000 mm
Determination of bearing operating clearance User input -
Bearing clearance -
Bearing clearance class User input -
Temperature difference between the inner and outer ring ΔTIR,OR - K
Bearing tolerance -
Bearing tolerance class - -
Minimum outer bearing diameter DB,min - mm
Maximum bearing outer diameter DB,max - mm
Minimum bearing inner diameter dB_min - mm
Maximum bearing inner diameter dB_max - mm
Shaft tolerance -
Shaft tolerance class -
Minimum shaft diameter dmin - mm
Maximum shaft diameter dmax - mm
Average roughness height of the shaft Rz - µm
Bore tolerance -
Tolerance class of bore -
Minimum casing bore diameter DH,min - mm
Maximum casing bore diameter DH,max - mm
Average roughness height of the bore Rz - µm
Table 168
Relative Forces and Deviations (Inner Ring to Outer Ring)
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Radial force in x-direction Frx -31080.71 N
Radial force in y-direction Fry 11289.70 N
Axial force in z-direction Fa 0.00 N
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in y-direction δy 10.7 µm
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in x-direction δx -29.1 µm
Rel. axial displacement inner ring in z-direction δz 0.0 µm
Tilting moment around x-axis Mx 3.28 Nm
Tilting moment around y-axis My 3.11 Nm
Rel. tilting inner ring around x-axis wγ 0.09 mrad
Rel. tilting inner ring around y-axis wβ 0.05 mrad
Table 169
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 1
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 1
Start Animation
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 2
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 2
Start Animation
Life time ISO 281
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10 212 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10h 33177 h
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnm 102 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh 15868 h
Table 170
Life time ISO 281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh - h
Life time DIN 26281
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Life time DIN 26281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Life time INA/FAG
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time INA/FAG - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time SKF catalogue
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10 212 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10h 33177 h
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm 133 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh 20815 h
Table 171
Life time SKF catalogue - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4)
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4) load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified lifetime with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time DEA
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
Life time DEA - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
SKF calculation service - ISO/TS 16281
Sym. Rolling bearing [46] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Viscosity ratio (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) κ - -
Contamination coefficient (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) eC - -
Dynamic equivalent reference load (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Pref - N
Lubricant with proven EP-Additives ✖ -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Radial bearing operating clearance srad 0.0 µm
Axial bearing operating clearance sax 0.0 µm
Table 172
Rolling bearing [47]
Rolling bearing 3D image
Start Animation
Figure 132
Forces on rolling elements
Start Animation
Figure 133
Bearing data
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Bearing row [1318]
Catalogue name NUP 2222 ECP -
Manufacturer SKF -
Bearing type Cylindrical roller bearing -
Weight 7.00 kg
Geometry -
Bearing inner diameter d 110.000 mm
Bearing outside diameter D 200.000 mm
Bearing width B 53.000 mm
Pressure angle α 0.00 °
Load factors -
Dynamic radial load rating CR 440000 N
Static radial load rating C0R 520000 N
Dynamic axial load rating CA - N
Static axial load rating C0A - N
SKF Explorer ✔ -
X-life ✔ -
Catalog factors -
Boundary value e (manufacturer catalogue) e 0.30 -
Radial load factor X1 (manufacturer catalogue) X1 1.00 -
Radial load factor X2 (manufacturer catalogue) X2 0.92 -
Axial load factor Y1 (manufacturer catalog) Y1 0.00 -
Axial load factor Y2 (manufacturer catalog) Y2 0.40 -
Axial factor Y0 0.00 -
Rotational speeds -
Speed limit nlimit 4000.0 1/min
Reference speed nref 3600.0 1/min
Bearing loads -
Rotational speed n 106.6 U/min
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in u-direction Fu -0.0 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in v-direction Fv 31720.5 N
Bearing reaction force on the inner ring in w-direction Fw -11568.1 N
Equivalent dynamic bearing load (ISO 281 2007) Peq 33764 N
Lubrication conditions -
Operating temperature T 80.00 °C
Life adjustment factor for operating conditions (ISO 281 2007) aISO 0.92 -
Contamination coefficient ec ec 0.50 -
Viscosity ratio κ 0.60 -
Life time factors -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Life adjustment factor (SKF catalog 2018) askf 2.14 -
Factor for operating conditions (DEA) aDEA - -
Table 173
Inner geometry
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Bearing row [1318]
Number of bearing rows i 1 -
Number of rolling elements z 16 -
Distance between the bearing rows dR - mm
Diameter of rolling element dw 23.195 mm
Effective length of rolling body Lwe 37.769 mm
Radius of raceway at inner ring Ri - mm
Radius of raceway at outer ring Ra - mm
Table 174
Operating clearance
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Bearing row [1318]
Bearing operating clearance 0.000 mm
Determination of bearing operating clearance User input -
Bearing clearance -
Bearing clearance class User input -
Temperature difference between the inner and outer ring ΔTIR,OR - K
Bearing tolerance -
Bearing tolerance class - -
Minimum outer bearing diameter DB,min - mm
Maximum bearing outer diameter DB,max - mm
Minimum bearing inner diameter dB_min - mm
Maximum bearing inner diameter dB_max - mm
Shaft tolerance -
Shaft tolerance class -
Minimum shaft diameter dmin - mm
Maximum shaft diameter dmax - mm
Average roughness height of the shaft Rz - µm
Bore tolerance -
Tolerance class of bore -
Minimum casing bore diameter DH,min - mm
Maximum casing bore diameter DH,max - mm
Average roughness height of the bore Rz - µm
Table 175
Relative Forces and Deviations (Inner Ring to Outer Ring)
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Radial force in x-direction Frx -31720.53 N
Radial force in y-direction Fry 11568.08 N
Axial force in z-direction Fa 0.00 N
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in y-direction δy 8.0 µm
Rel. radial displacement inner ring in x-direction δx -22.2 µm
Rel. axial displacement inner ring in z-direction δz -0.0 µm
Tilting moment around x-axis Mx 12.80 Nm
Tilting moment around y-axis My 25.40 Nm
Rel. tilting inner ring around x-axis wγ 0.10 mrad
Rel. tilting inner ring around y-axis wβ 0.15 mrad
Table 176
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 1
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 1
Start Animation
Hertzian contact stress bearing row 2
Start Animation
Pressure curve per rolling element row 2
Start Animation
Life time ISO 281
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10 5208 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (ISO 281 2007) L10h 813877 h
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnm 4766 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh 744876 h
Table 177
Life time ISO 281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (ISO 281 2007) Lnmh - h
Life time DIN 26281
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Life time DIN 26281 - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmr,EP - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) Lnmrh,EP - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,FVA418 - h
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmr,EP,FVA418 - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life with EP additives, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008, FVA 418) Lnmrh,EP,FVA418 - h
Life time INA/FAG
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time INA/FAG - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (Schaeffler catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time SKF catalogue
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10 5208 Mio. U
Nominal rating life (SKF catalogue 2018) L10h 813877 h
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm 11161 Mio. U
Extended modified rating life (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh 1744257 h
Table 178
Life time SKF catalogue - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10 - Mio. U
Nominal rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) L10h - h
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnm - Mio. U
Extended modified rating life, accumulated (SKF catalog 2018) Lnmh - h
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4)
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference lifetime acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time AGMA 6006 (ISO 81400-4) load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA - h
Modified rating life, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA - Mio. U
Modified lifetime with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnr,AGMA,EP - Mio. U
Modified rating life with EP additives, accumulated (AGMA 6006) Lnrh,AGMA,EP - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated acc. to AGMA 6006 L10r - Mio. U
Life time DEA
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
Life time DEA - load spectrum
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnm,DEA - Mio. U
Modified rating life, accumulated (DEA) Lnmh,DEA - h
SKF calculation service - ISO/TS 16281
Sym. Rolling bearing [47] Unit
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10r - Mio. U
Nominal reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Nominal reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) L10rh - h
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmr - Mio. U
Modified reference rating life (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Modified reference rating life, accumulated (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Lnmrh - h
Viscosity ratio (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) κ - -
Contamination coefficient (ISO 281:2007) (calculated by SKF) eC - -
Dynamic equivalent reference load (ISO/TS 16281:2008) (calculated by SKF) Pref - N
Lubricant with proven EP-Additives ✖ -
Life adjustment factor for reliability (ISO 281 2007) a1 1.00 -
Radial bearing operating clearance srad 0.0 µm
Axial bearing operating clearance sax 0.0 µm
Table 179
EN-GJL-250 [969]
General Material Data
Sym. EN-GJL-250 [969] Unit
Material designation EN-GJL-250 -
Material type Cast iron (GG) -
Material group - DIN 743 Structural steel -
Material designation EN-GJL-250 -
Heat treatment None -
Subsequent treatment root None -
Modulus of elasticity E 100000 N/mm²
Shear modulus 38461.54 N/mm²
Poisson's ratio ν 0.30 -
Density ρ 7.85 kg/dm³
Tensile strength σB 250.00 N/mm²
Yield strength or offset yield point 165.00 N/mm²
Heat capacity cM 430.00 J/kgK
Thermal conductivity λM 40.00 W/m·K
Plastic deformation energy density - J/mm³
Deformation energy density total - J/mm³
Table 180
18CrNiMo7-6 [971]
General Material Data
Sym. 18CrNiMo7-6 [971] Unit
Material designation 18CrNiMo7-6 -
Material type Steel -
Material group - DIN 743 Case hardening steel -
Material designation 18CrNiMo7-6 -
Heat treatment Case hardened -
Subsequent treatment root None -
Modulus of elasticity E 210000 N/mm²
Shear modulus 80769.23 N/mm²
Poisson's ratio ν 0.30 -
Density ρ 7.85 kg/dm³
Tensile strength σB 1200.00 N/mm²
Yield strength or offset yield point 850.00 N/mm²
Heat capacity cM 430.00 J/kgK
Thermal conductivity λM 40.00 W/m·K
Plastic deformation energy density - J/mm³
Deformation energy density total - J/mm³
Table 181
42CrMo4 [1302]
General Material Data
Sym. 42CrMo4 [1302] Unit
Material designation 42CrMo4 -
Material type Steel -
Material group - DIN 743 Tempering steel -
Material designation 42CrMo4 -
Heat treatment Hardened and tempered -
Subsequent treatment root None -
Modulus of elasticity E 210000 N/mm²
Shear modulus 80769.23 N/mm²
Poisson's ratio ν 0.30 -
Density ρ 7.85 kg/dm³
Tensile strength σB 1100.00 N/mm²
Yield strength or offset yield point 900.00 N/mm²
Heat capacity cM 430.00 J/kgK
Thermal conductivity λM 40.00 W/m·K
Plastic deformation energy density - J/mm³
Deformation energy density total - J/mm³
Table 182
ISO-VG-320 [50]
General Lubricant Data
Sym. ISO-VG-320 [50] Unit
Lubricant designation ISO-VG-320 -
Lubricant type Mineral oil -
Nominal viscosity at 40 °C ν40 320.00 mm²/s
Nominal viscosity at 100 °C ν100 22.50 mm²/s
Viscosity index - -
Density at 15 °C ρ 0.90 kg/dm³
Pressure-viscosity coefficient at 38°C α38 - mm²/N
Thermal conductivity λ 0.13 W/m·K
Specific heat capacity c - J/kgK
Temperature viscosity exponent - -
Temperature coefficient - 1/K
Pressure-viscosity exponent α - m²/N
Pressure-viscosity coefficient - mm²/N
Viscosity-pressure-temperature exponent - 1/Pa
Table 183